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Please note that since 1 January 2020, full functionality of this page is reserved for registered users only.
This form allows you to search for attestations of place names, i.e. as they are mentioned in papyri, inscriptions, etc.
CAUTION: for information about all references to an ancient place, e.g. Tebtynis, please use the Place field below.
Type in the string you are looking for in the place name box. This field will look for the declined form as attested in the text.
As a rule a wildcard will be added at the end of your search, but not at the start: a searchterm Αλε will find all attestations in which Αλε is found at the beginning of the word. Stricter or less strict application of wildcards can be applied on the results screen.
Accents and diacritic signs (including the Greek spiritus) will not be taken into account, and there is no distinction between uppercase and lowercase.
The Leiden brackets for abbreviations etc. can be used, but in that case only precise matches will be found. If you search for e.g. Ὀξυρυγχ(ίτου), you will find only attestations that are abbreviated and solved by the editors in this way. Please search without Leiden symbols if you want to find all attestations.
Similar to 'Place name (as in text)', but searches for the nominative form of the toponymic expression only. So τῆς ... πόλεως τῶν Ἀλεξανδρέων is standardized to ἡ ... πόλις τῶν Ἀλεξανδρέων.
As a rule a wildcard will be added at the end of your search, but not at the start: a searchterm Αλε will find all attestations in which Αλε is found at the beginning of the word. Stricter or less strict application of wildcards can be applied on the results screen.
Accents and diacritic signs (including the Greek spiritus) will not be taken into account, and there is no distinction between uppercase and lowercase.
If a toponym is explicitly ascribed in the text to a region, toparchia, meris, nomos, provincia, eparchia, dioecesis and/or some other district, the name of this region or district is listed in this field (e.g. 'Arsinoites, meris of Themistos', 'Kato toparchia', 'pagus 11', 'Palaestina III Salutaris', 'Germania Inferior'). In phrases as 'in the village of Tali of the same meris', the implied name of the meris is written between round brackets, i.e. '(meris of Polemon)'. Reconstructed affiliations are in square brackets, e.g. '[Arsinoites]'.
Abourene
Aethiopia
Aetolia
Africa
Agema Kato
Agematos toparchia
Aianitis
Albion
Alexandreon Chora
Ammanitis
Ammoniake
Ano Kynopolites
Ano toparchia
Antaiopolites
Antinoites
Apeliotou toparchia
Aphroditopolites
Apollonopolites
Apollonopolites Heptakomias
Apollonopolites Kato Topon
Apollonopolites Parva
Apollonopolites, Ano toparchia
Apollonopolites, Kato toparchia
Aquitania
Aquitanica
Arabia
Arabia Ano toparchia
Arabia Felix
Arabia Kato
Arabia Maior
Arcadia
Armenia
Arsinoites
Arsinoites, Exo topoi
Arsinoites, merides of Themistos and Polemon
Arsinoites, meris of Herakleides
Arsinoites, meris of Herakleides, Exo topoi
Arsinoites, meris of Herakleides, toparchia 1 and 6
Arsinoites, meris of Polemon
Arsinoites, meris of Themistos
Arsinoites, pagus 10
Arsinoites, pagus 2
Arsinoites, pagus 5
Arsinoites, pagus 8
Asia
Athribites
Attica
Babylonia
Baetica
Baliares
Barbaria
Belgica
Belgica Secunda
Berenikes nomos
Berenikes nomos, Menelaites
Bessia
Bithynia
Bithynia et Pontus
Boubastites
Bousirites
Britannia
Britannia Inferior
Campania
Cappadocia
Cappadocia I
Caria
Chenthnouphites
Chiastites
Cilicia
Corsica
Creta
Cyprus
Cyrenaica
Dacia
Dacia Ripensis
Dacia Superior
Dalmatia
Dardania
dioecesis Africa
dioecesis Asiana
dioecesis Britanniae
dioecesis Galliae
dioecesis Hispaniae
dioecesis Italia
dioecesis Moesiae
dioecesis Oriens
dioecesis Pannoniae
dioecesis Pontica
dioecesis Thracia
dioecesis Viennensis
Diospolites
Diospolites, Kato toparchia of the Libya
district of Ptolemais
Dodekaschoinos
Dulca
Egypt
Egypt, Alexandreon Chora
Egypt, Andropolites
Egypt, Antaiopolites
Egypt, Antinoites
Egypt, Aphroditopolites
Egypt, Arabia
Egypt, Arsinoites
Egypt, Athribites
Egypt, Boubastites
Egypt, Bousirites
Egypt, Diopolites
Egypt, Heliopolites
Egypt, Herakleopolites
Egypt, Hermonthites
Egypt, Hermopolites
Egypt, Hypselites
Egypt, Kabasites
Egypt, Kasiotis
Egypt, Koptites
Egypt, Kynopolites
Egypt, Leontopolites
Egypt, Letopolites
Egypt, Lykopolites
Egypt, Memphites
Egypt, Mendesios
Egypt, Menelaites
Egypt, Metelites
Egypt, Nesyt
Egypt, nomos of Thebai
Egypt, Onouphites
Egypt, Oxyrynchites
Egypt, Panopolites
Egypt, Pharbaithites
Egypt, Phthemphouth
Egypt, Phthenetou
Egypt, Prosopites
Egypt, Saites
Egypt, Sebennytes
Egypt, Sebennytes ano topon
Egypt, Sebennytes kato topon
Egypt, Sethroites
Egypt, Tanites
Egypt, Tentyrites
Egypt, Thinites
Egypt, Xoites
eparchia Aegyptus
eparchia Aegyptus I
eparchia Aegyptus II
eparchia Arcadia
eparchia Augustamnica
eparchia Augustamnica I
eparchia Augustamnica II
eparchia Libya
eparchia Libya Ano
eparchia Libya I - Pentapolis
eparchia Libya II
eparchia Libya Kato
eparchia Libya Pentapolis
eparchia Palaestina I
eparchia Palaestina III
eparchia Thebais Ano
eparchia Thebais I
eparchia Thebais II
eparchia Thebais Kato
Etruria
Exo topoi
Galatia
Galilaea
Gallia
Gallia Belgica
Gallia Comata
Gallia Lugdunensis
Gallia Narbonensis
Germania
Germania Inferior
Germania Prima
Germania Superior
Gynaikopolites
Heliopolites
Hellas
Heptakomia
Heptanomia
Herakleopolites
Herakleopolites, Koites
Herakleopolites, Mese toparchia
Herakleopolites, pagus 11
Herakleopolites, pagus 12
Herakleopolites, pagus 13
Hermonthites
Hermopolites
Hermopolites toparchia
Hermopolites, Ano toparchia
Hermopolites, Mochites
Hermopolites, Pasko
Hermopolites, Patemit
Hibernia
Hibites
Hispania
Hispania Citerior
Hispania Ulterior
Hisparnia Citerior
hyparcheia Baiseira
Hypselites
Illyricum
India
Isauria
Italia
Iudaea
Iudaea Palestina
Iustinopolites
Kato Apollonopolites
Kato Chora
Kato toparchia
Koile Syria
Koites
Koites Ano
Koites Kato
Koptites
Koptites, Libya
Koptites, Libye
Koussites
Koussites Ano
Koussites Kato
Kynopolites
Kynopolites Ano
Kynopolites Kato
L[..]au
Laopolites
Latium antiquum
Latopolites
Latopolites, Arabia
Latopolites, Kato toparchia
Letopolites
Leukopolites Kato
Leukopyrgites
Leukopyrgites Kato
Libos toparchia
Libya
Libya Interior
Liguria
Limne
Limne, meris of Themistos
Lucania
Lugdunensis
Lugdunensis Senonia
Lugdunensis Tertia
Lusitania
Lycia
Lydia
Lykopolites
Macedonia
Mareotes
Marmarica
Mauretania
Mauretania Africa
Mauretania Caesariensis
Media
Memphites
Memphites, Arabia
Mendesios
Mendesios, pagus 1
Menelaites
merides of Themistos and Polemon
meris of Herakleides
meris of Herakleides, Exo topoi
meris of Herakleides, toparchia 1 and 6
meris of Herakleides, toparchia 2 and 3
meris of Herakleides, toparchia 4 and 5
meris of Polemon
meris of Themistos
meris of Themistos, toparchia 2 and 4
meris of Themistos, toparchia 4
meris of Themistos, toparchia 6 and 8
meris of Themistos, toparchia 7 and 9
Mese toparchia
Mesopotamia
Mochites
Moesia
Moesia Inferior
Moesia Superior
Mothites
Mysia
Narbonensis
Nea Arabia
Neomare
Neompsonomoun
Nitriotes
Noites
nomarchia of Achoapis
nomarchia of Antinoopolis
nomarchia of Aristarchos
nomarchia of Diogenes
nomarchia of Maimachos
nomarchia of Philippos
nomarchia of Timotheos
nomos Libya
Noraseites Ano
Noricum
Numidia
Oasis
Oasis Magna
Oasis Magna, Mothites
Oasis Parva
Ombites
Oxyrynchites
Oxyrynchites, Apeliotou toparchia
Oxyrynchites, Kato toparchia
Oxyrynchites, Libos toparchia
Oxyrynchites, Mese toparchia
Oxyrynchites, pagus 1
Oxyrynchites, pagus 2
Oxyrynchites, pagus 3
Oxyrynchites, pagus 4
Oxyrynchites, pagus 5
Oxyrynchites, pagus 6
Oxyrynchites, pagus 8
Oxyrynchites, pagus 9
Oxyrynchites, Thmoisepho toparchia
pagarchia of Antaiopolis
pagarchia of Antaiopolis and Apollonopolis
pagarchia of Antinoopolis
pagarchia of Apollonopolis
pagarchia of Dios Polis
pagarchia of Hypsele
pagarchia of Koptos
pagarchia of Koussai
pagarchia of Lykopolis
pagarchia of Panopolis
pagarchia of the Arsinoites
pagarchia of the Thinites
pagarchia of Theodosioupolis
pagarchia of Thinis
pagus 1
pagus 10
pagus 11
pagus 12
pagus 13
pagus 2
pagus 3
pagus 4
pagus 5
pagus 6
pagus 7
pagus 8
pagus 9
pagus Andegavinus
pagus Aurelianinsis
pagus Beloacinsis
pagus Cadrocinus
pagus Camiliacinsis
pagus Dorcassinus
pagus Ebrecinus
pagus Istanpinsis
pagus Lexuinus
pagus Materacinsis
pagus Oxminsis
pagus Penesciancinsis
pagus Villicassinus
Palaestina III Salutaris
Palestina
Palestina Iudaea
Palestina Syria
Pamphylia
Pannonia
Pannonia Inferior
Pannonia Superior
Panopolites
Paphlagonia
Parapotamia
Parthia
Pasko
Patemit Ano
Patemit Kato
Patermit Kato
Pathres
Pathyrites
Pathyrites, Ano toparchia
Pathyrites, Arabia
Pathyrites, Libya
Pathyrites, Thebais
Patre Ano
Patre Kato
Pentapolis
Pentapolis Libya
Peran
Perea
Peri Bousiris
Peri Koma
Peri Phebichin
Peri Phebichis
Peri Polin
Peri Polin Ano
Peri Polin Kato
Peri Tekmi
Peri Thebas
Peri Thebas, Kato toparchia
Peri Thebas, Libya
Peri Tilothin
Persis
Phernouphites
Phoenicia
Phoenicia and Koile Syria
Phrygia
Phrygia Megale
Phthemphouth
Picenum
Pisidia
Pontus
Pontus Cappadocicus
Pontus Galaticus
Prosopites
Provincia
provincia Africa
Psanites
Ptempathio
Ptenchat
Ptolemaiou nomos
Raetia
regio I
regio III
regio IV
regio Scadiesiana
regio VI
regio VII
regio VIII
regio X
regio XIV
Saites
Samnium
Sardinia
Scotia
Sebennytes
Sebennytes Ano
Sethroites
Sicilia
Sphorakene
Syria
Syria Palaestina
Syria Palestina
T-shedit-resi
T-shedit-resi-Nout
Tanites
Tekmi
Thebais
Thebais Ano
Thebais, Apollonopolites Kato
Thebais, Elephantines
Thebais, Lykopolites
Thebais, Pathyrites
Theodosioupolites
Theodosioupolites Ano
Thinites
Thmoibastites
Thmoiribites
Thmoisepho toparchia
Thoites Apeliotou
Thoites Libos
Thracia
Toeto
toparchia 2
toparchia 4 and 5
toparchia 4 and 5; meris of Herakleides
Tripolitana
Troas
Umbria
Venetia
Zoarene
Place names are often accompanied by geographical terms, e.g. 'the city of London'. In some cases geographical term and name have become a single entity, e.g. 'Oberstdorf'. Other words are strictly speaking not geographical, but are narrowly linked to geography, such as civis or tribus. You can search here for the geographical terms (in the broadest sense) which are used (or implied by the context) in the place name attestations or in combination with them. A list of terms:
adyton = Greek ἄδυτον 'innermost sanctuary or shrine'
aedis = Latin aedis 'building, temple'
aequor = Latin aequor 'water surface'
aestuarium = Latin aestuarium 'estuary'
agelli = Latin agelli 'small estates (pl.), < ager'
ager = Latin ager 'field'
agora = Greek ἀγορά 'market'
agros = Greek ἀγρός 'field'
agyia = Greek ἀγυία 'street, highway'
akra = Greek ἄκρα 'cape, promontory (pl.)'
akron = Greek ἄκρον 'cape, promontory'
akropolis = Greek ἀκρόπολις 'akropolis, citadel'
akroterion = Greek ἀκρωτήριον 'cape, promontory'
akte = Greek ἀκτή 'headland'
allage = Greek ἀλλαγή 'change of horses, stage'
alveus = Latin alveus 'bed of a river'
amnis = Latin amnis 'river'
ampelikon chorion = Greek ἀμπελικὸν χωρίον 'vineyard'
ampelikon ktema = Greek ἀμπελικὸν κτῆμα 'vineyard'
ampelikos topos = Greek ἀμπελικὸς τόπος 'vineyard'
ampelon = Greek ἀμπελών 'vineyard'
ampelos = Greek ἄμπελος 'vineyard'
amphitheatrum = Latin amphitheatrum 'amphitheatre'
amphodarchia = Greek ἀμφοδαρχία 'quarter governed by an amphodarches'
amphodion = Greek ἀμφόδιον 'small quarter, < amphodon'
amphodon = Greek ἄμφοδον 'quarter, street, block of houses'
apoktesis = Greek ἀπόκτησις 'deed of gift'
appenninus = Latin appenninus 'Apennine estate'
aqua = Latin aqua 'water, aqueduct'
aquae = Latin aquae 'waters (pl.), place with wells'
aquae ductus = Latin aquae ductus 'aqueduct'
ara = Latin ara 'altar'
arcus = Latin arcus 'arch'
area = Latin area 'vacant place'
aroura = Greek ἄρουρα 'area of 100 square cubits'
arourai = Greek ἄρουραι 'areas (pl.) of 100 square cubits'
arx = Latin arx 'citadel'
asty = Greek ἄστυ 'city, town'
atrium = Latin atrium 'house'
augustokolonia = Greek-Latin Αὐγουστοκολωνία 'imperial colonia'
aule = Greek αὐλή 'courtyard'
balaneion = Greek βαλανεῖον 'bath'
bani = Arabic banī 'tribe'
basilica = Latin basilica 'basilica'
basilike (ge) = Greek βασιλικὴ γῆ 'royal land'
bibliothekai = Greek βιβλιοθῆκαι 'libraries (pl.)'
bibliotheke = Greek βιβλιοθήκη 'library, archive'
caesura = Latin caesura 'cutting, quarry, = kope'
campus = Latin campus 'open field'
caput = Latin caput 'headland'
casa = Latin casa 'small house'
casalis = Latin casalis 'belonging to a house'
castellani = Latin castellani 'inhabitants (pl.) of a camp'
castellum = Latin castellum 'water reservoir, camp'
castra = Latin castra 'camp (pl.)'
castrum = Latin castrum 'camp'
centenarium = Latin centenarium 'camp for 100 persons'
cheimarrous = Greek χειμάρρους 'torrent, brook'
cher = Egyptian ḫr 'street'
chersonesos = Greek χερσόνησος 'peninsula'
choma = Greek χῶμα 'bank, dike'
chora = Greek χώρα 'region, land'
chorai = Greek χῶραι 'region, land (pl.)'
choria = Greek χωρία 'place, estate (pl.)'
chorion = Greek χωρίον 'place, estate'
choros = Greek χῶρος 'land'
chresterion = Greek χρηστήριον 'oracle'
chthon = Greek χθών 'land'
circus = Latin circus 'circus'
cives = Latin cives 'citizens (pl.)'
civis = Latin civis 'citizen' (see also below)
civitas = Latin civitas 'city, citizenship, tribe, district'
clivus = Latin clivus 'slope'
collis = Latin collis 'hill'
colonus = Latin colonus 'inhabitant of a colonia'
coloni = Latin coloni 'inhabitants (pl.) of a colonia'
colonia = Latin colonia 'colony, town with the juridical status of colonia'
colonica = Latin colonica 'land of a colonia'
conpagani = Latin conpagani 'co-inhabitants (pl.) of a pagus'
conventus = Latin conventus 'league'
krypte = Greek κρύπτη 'subterranean passage'
cultura = Latin cultura 'cultivation'
curia = Latin curia 'assembly place'
daphnon = Greek δαφνών 'laurel grove'
dekania = Greek δεκανεία 'measure of land'
demi = Egyptian dmỉ 'town, village, city'
demi aa = Egyptian tmy ʿȝ 'city, 'great town''
demi mai = Egyptian dmỉ mȝy 'new village'
demi n Sobek = Egyptian dmỉ n Sbk 'village of Souchos'
demos = Greek δῆμος 'division of citizens, demos' (see also below)
denit = Egyptian dnỉ.t 'district, = meris'
deserta = Latin deserta 'deserts (pl.)'
desertum = Latin desertum 'desert'
diaita = Greek διάκτη 'house, building, farm'
dioikesis = Greek διοίκησις 'district, diocese'
dioryx = Greek διῶρυξ 'canal'
dioryx oreine = Greek διῶρυξ ὀρεινή 'desert canal, 'mountainous' canal at the edge of the desert'
domus = Latin domus 'house'
domo = provenance indication (origo)
dorea = Greek δωρεά 'estate granted'
dromos = Greek δρόμος 'public walk, temple alley'
drymoi = Greek δρυμοί 'papyrus swamps (pl.)'
drymos = Greek δρυμός 'copse, thicket, papyrus swamp'
edaphe = Greek ἐδάφη 'land (pl.)'
edaphos = Greek ἔδαφος 'land'
eidos = Greek εἴδος 'land'
eischysis = Greek εἴσχυσις 'estuary'
ekas = Greek ἐκάς 'division of land'
ekklesia = Greek ἐκκλησία 'church'
ekregma = Greek ἐκρηγμαί 'outlet (of a lake)'
elaion = Greek ἐλαιών 'olive-yard'
elaionoparadeisos = Greek ἐλαιωνοπαράδεισος 'garden and olive-yard'
emblema = Greek ἔμβλημα 'sluice gate'
emersus = Latin emersus 'outlet (of a lake)'
emporion = Greek ἐμπόριον 'trading-station'
enoria = Greek ἐνορία 'territory of a town'
eparchia = Greek ἐπαρχία 'district governed by an eparchos / praefectus'
epaulis = Greek ἔπαυλις 'stable'
epeiros = Greek ἤπειρος 'land above inundation level'
episemon = Greek ἐπίσημον 'marked group of fields'
epoikia = Greek ἐποίκια 'farmsteads (pl.)'
epoikion = Greek ἐποίκιον 'farmstead, village'
epoikia = Greek ἐποικία 'farmstead, = epoikion'
epoikiotai = Greek ἐποικιῶται 'inhabitants (pl.) of an epoikion'
epoikiotes = Greek ἐποικιώτης 'inhabitant of an epoikion'
eremos = Greek ἐρῆμος 'monastery'
eruptio = Latin eruptio 'outlet (of a lake)'
ethnos = Greek ἔθνος 'people, ethnicity'
eukterion = Greek εὐκτήριον 'chapel, prayer house'
exoche = Greek ἐξοχή 'prominence'
fanum = Latin fanum 'sanctuary'
fluentus = Latin fluentus 'river'
flumen = Latin flumen 'stream'
fluviolus = Latin fluviolus 'small river, < fluvius'
fluvius = Latin fluvius 'river'
fons = Latin fons 'well'
fontes = Latin fontes 'wells (pl.)'
forum = Latin forum 'market'
fossa = Latin fossa 'gully'
fossae = Latin fossae 'gullies (pl.)'
fundi = Latin fundi 'estates (pl.)'
fundus = Latin fundus 'estate'
gaia = Greek γαῖα 'land'
ge = Greek γῆ 'land, estate'
ge epeiros = Greek γῆ ἤπειρος 'land above inundation level'
ge epeiros sitophoros = Greek γῆ ἤπειρος σιτόφορος 'wheat growing land above inundation level'
ge sitophoros = Greek γῆ σιτόφορος 'wheat growing land'
geidia = Greek γῄδια 'plots of land (pl.)'
geidion = Greek γῄδιον 'plot of land'
gens = Latin gens 'people'
georgia = Greek γεωργία 'cultivated fields (pl.)'
georgion = Greek γεώργιον 'cultivated field'
gramma = Greek γράμμα 'quarter'
gyos = Greek γύος 'field'
hagios topos = Greek ἅγιος τόπος 'holy place'
halme = Greek ἅλμη 'sea-water'
halonia = Greek ἁλονία 'threshing-floor'
hamlet = Arabic (hamlet) 'hamlet'
heni = Egyptian ḥny 'canal'
hexathyros = Greek ἑξάθυρος 'installation of six sluices'
hieron = Greek ἱερόν 'sanctuary'
hodos = Greek ὁδός 'road'
hormos = Greek ὅρμος 'anchorage'
horrea = Latin horrea 'storehouses, stables (pl.)'
horreum = Latin horreum 'storehouse, stable'
horti = Latin horti 'gardens (pl.)'
hydragogos = Greek ὑδραγωγός 'aqueduct, irrigation channel'
hydreuma = Greek ὕδρευμα 'pool or reservoir, something which collects water'
hydreuma tchon = Greek-Egyptian ὕδρευμα τχον 'pool or reservoir, something which collects water'
hyparcheia = Greek ὑπαρχεία 'district governed by an hyparchos'
hyperoion = Greek ὑπερῷον 'upper part of a house'
hypodocheion = Greek ὑποδοχεῖον 'reservoir, storehouse'
ibion = Greek ἰβιών 'ibis chapel-with-aviary'
incola = Latin incola 'inhabitant'
incolae = Latin incolae 'inhabitants (pl.)'
insula = Latin insula 'island'
insulae = Latin insulae 'islands (pl.)'
kalamia = Greek καλαμία 'reed land'
kallipolis = Greek καλλίπολις 'fair city'
kastellon = Greek κάστελλον 'water reservoir'
keh = Egyptian qḥ 'district'
keh = Egyptian qḥ 'district, = nomos'
kellion = Greek κελλίον 'small cell of a clergyman, < cella'
kepion = Greek κηπίον 'small garden, < kepos'
kepos = Greek κῆπος 'garden'
kepos phoinikonos = Greek κῆπος φοινικῶνος 'palm-garden'
kleroi = Greek κλῆροι 'allotments of land (pl.)'
kleros = Greek κλῆρος 'allotment of land'
koilas = Greek κοιλάς 'deep valley'
koile = Greek κοίλη 'hollow, cavity'
koimeterion = Greek κοιμήτηριον 'burial-place'
koinobion = Greek κοινόβιον 'monastery'
koinonion = Greek κοινόνιον 'monastery, = koinobion'
koitai = Greek κοῖται 'parcels (pl.), plots of land'
koite = Greek κοίτη 'parcel, plot of land'
kolpos = Greek κόλπος 'gulf'
komai = Greek κῶμαι 'villages (pl.)'
kome = Greek κώμη 'village'
komydrion = Greek κωμύδριον 'small village, < kome'
kope = Greek κοπή 'cutting, quarry, = caesura'
kremaste = Greek κρεμαστή 'a 'hung' conduit'
krene = Greek κρήνη 'well, spring, fountain'
krepis = Greek κρηπίς 'quay (in a quarry)'
ktema = Greek κτῆμα 'property'
ktemata = Greek κτῆματα 'property (pl.)'
ktesis = Greek κτῆσις 'property, land'
kurat = Arabic kūrat 'district, = pagarchia'
lachania = Greek λαχανιὰ 'culture of pot-herbs, vegetable garden'
lacus = Latin lacus 'lake'
lakkos = Greek λάκκος 'pond'
latomia = Greek λατομία 'stone-quarry'
laura = Greek λαύρα 'street, avenue, passage'
limen = Greek λίμην 'harbour'
limes = Latin limes 'border'
limiton = Greek λίμετον 'border-province'
limnai = Greek λίμναι 'lakes (pl.)'
limne = Greek λίμνη 'lake'
litus = Latin litus 'coast'
locellus = Latin locellus 'small place, < locus'
loci = Latin loci 'places (pl.)'
locus = Latin locus 'place'
lucus = Latin lucus 'sacred wood'
macellum = Latin macellum 'meat-market'
maceries = Latin maceries 'wall'
mai = Egyptian mȝy 'island'
mandra = Greek μάνδρα 'enclosed space'
mansio = Latin mansio 'stopping-place, station'
mare = Latin mare 'sea'
martyrion = Greek μαρτύριον 'shrine of a martyr'
massa = Latin massa 'estate'
mechanai = Greek μηχαναί 'irrigation machines (pl.) > areas of land irrigated by a machine'
mechane = Greek μηχανή 'irrigation machine > area of land irrigated by a machine'
megale polis = Greek μεγάλη πόλις 'big city'
megalopolis = Greek μεγαλοπόλις 'big city'
mere = Greek μέρη 'division, 'parts' (pl.)'
meris = Greek μερίς 'district, division, meris'
meros = Greek μέρος 'division, 'part''
metalla = Greek μέταλλα 'mines (pl.)'
metallon = Greek μέταλλον 'mine'
metropolis = Greek μητρόπολις 'main town, metropolis'
metropolitikos = Greek μητροπολιτικός 'of the metropolis (object)'
metropolites = Greek μητροπολίτης 'of the metropolis (person)'
mikron eukterion = Greek μικρὸν εὐκτήριον 'small chapel'
monasterion = Greek μοναστήριον 'monastery'
mone = Greek μονή 'stopping-place, station, monastery'
mons = Latin mons 'mountain'
montes = Latin montes 'mountains (pl.)'
monticuli = Latin monticuli 'hills, small mountains (pl.), < mons'
mou = Egyptian mw 'canal'
municeps = Latin municeps 'inhabitant of a municipium'
municipes = Latin municipes 'inhabitants (pl.) of a municipium'
municipium = Latin municipium 'town with the juridical status of municipium'
naos = Greek ναός 'temple, shrine'
napai = Greek νάπαι 'woodland vales (pl.)'
nape = Greek νάπη 'woodland vale, valley'
natio = Latin nation 'nation'
natione = provenance indication (origo)
naupegion = Greek ναυπήγιον 'navy-yard'
naustathmos = Greek vαύσταθμος 'naval station, harbour'
nemus = Latin nemus 'wood'
nesion = Greek νησίον 'small island, < nesos'
nesidia = Greek νησίδια 'small islands (pl.), < nesos'
nesia = Greek νησία 'small islands (pl.), < nesos'
nesoi = Greek νῆσοι 'islands (pl.)'
nesos = Greek νῆσος 'island'
nomarchia = Greek νομαρχία 'district governed by a nomarches, < nomos'
nomarchiai = Greek νομαρχίαι 'districts (pl.) governed by a nomarches, < nomos'
nomoi = Greek νομοί 'districts (pl.), nomoi'
nomos = Greek νομός 'district, nomos'
nosokomeion = Greek νοσοκομεῖον 'infirmary, hospital'
nout = Egyptian nw.t 'city'
nurac = Latin nurac 'tower on Sardinia, nuraghe'
oasis = Greek ὄασις 'oasis'
ochthe = Greek ὄχθη 'height'
ocre = Italic ocre 'mountain'
oikia = Greek οἰκία 'house'
oikidion = Greek οἰκίδιον 'small house, < oikia'
oikopeda = Greek οἰκόπεδα 'building-site (pl.)'
oikos = Greek οἶκος 'house'
oikos Theou = Greek οἶκος Θεοῦ 'house of God'
okeanos = Greek ὠκεανός 'ocean'
oppidani = Latin oppidani 'inhabitants (pl.) of an oppidum'
oppidum = Latin oppidum 'town'
oraculum = Latin oraculum 'oracle'
oreine = Greek ὀρεινή 'desert canal, 'mountainous' canal at the edge of the desert'
oreine dioryx = Greek ὀρεινή διῶρυξ 'desert canal, 'mountainous' canal at the edge of the desert'
organon = Greek ὄργανον 'irrigation machine > area of land irrigated by a machine'
orgon = Greek ὄργον 'irrigated field'
oros = Greek ὄρος 'mountain'
oryktos = Greek ὀρυκτός 'artificial, dug out harbour'
ostia = Latin ostia 'river mouths (pl.)'
ostium = Latin ostium 'river mouth'
ou = Egyptian W.w 'district'
ousia = Greek οὐσία 'property, estate'
ousiai = Greek οὐσίαι 'property, estates (pl.)'
p mit = Egyptian pȝ myt 'road'
pagani = Latin pagani 'inhabitants (pl.) of a pagus'
paganicensis = Latin paganicensis 'belonging to a pagus'
paganicus = Latin paganicus 'belonging to a pagus'
paganus = Latin paganus 'inhabitant of a pagus'
pagarchia = Greek παγαρχία 'district governed by a pagarches, < pagus'
pagenses = Latin pagenses 'inhabitants (pl.) of a pagus'
pagus = Latin pagus 'kind of district, pagus'
palatium = Latin palatium 'palace'
palus = Latin palus 'swamp'
paradeisos = Greek παράδεισος 'garden, orchard'
paratome = Greek παρατομή 'quarter, district'
pareimene = Greek παρειμένη 'land left in private ownership'
parembole = Greek παρεμβολή 'encampment'
paroikia = Greek παροικία 'community of christians organized as geographical unit'
pars = Latin pars 'division, 'part''
pars = Latin pars 'division, 'part', = meris'
patre = Greek πάτρη 'fatherland'
patria = Latin patria 'fatherland'
patris = Greek πατρίς 'fatherland'
pedia = Greek πεδία 'plains (pl.)'
pedias = Greek πεδιάς 'plain'
pedion = Greek πεδίον 'plain'
pege = Greek πηγή 'fount, source'
peribolos = Greek περίβολος 'enclosure'
perichoma = Greek περίχωμα 'embankment, dike enclosing an area'
perichomata = Greek περιχώματα 'embankments (pl.), dikes enclosing an area'
pes = Latin pes 'territory'
petra = Greek πέτρα 'rock'
pharanx = Greek φάραγξ 'ravine, valley, dry riverbed'
phiale = Greek φιάλη 'bowl (a name used for a canal)'
phoinikon = Greek φοινικών 'palm-grove'
phratra = Greek φράτρα 'division of citizens, = phratria'
phrear = Greek φρέαρ 'well'
phrontis = Greek φροντίς 'portion of land entrusted to a person'
phrourion = Greek φρούριον 'fort, garrison'
phylake = Greek φυλακή 'guard'
phyle = Greek φυλή 'division of citizens, phyle' (see also below)
piohi = Coptic ⲡⲓⲱϩⲓ 'field'
pittakion = Greek πιττάκιον 'public land that is sublet'
plaga = Latin plaga 'region > beach?'
plateia = Greek πλατεῖα 'avenue, broad street'
plateia hodos = Greek πλατεῖα ὁδός 'avenue, broad street'
plebs = Latin plebs 'plebs, lower classes'
plote = Greek πλωτή 'navigable canal'
pmoun = Egyptian pȝ mw n 'well, 'the water of ...''
poleis = Greek πόλεις 'cities (pl.)'
polichne = Greek πολίχνη 'fort, small town, < polis'
polichnion = Greek πολίχνιον 'small town, < polis'
polis = Greek πόλις 'city'
polis megale = Greek πόλις μεγάλη 'big city'
politai = Greek πολῖται 'citizen (pl.), < polis'
politeia = Greek πολιτεία 'citizenship, < polis'
polydrion = Greek πολύδριον 'small town, < polis'
pomarion = Greek πωμάριον 'orchard'
pons = Latin pons 'bridge'
pontes = Latin pontes 'bridges (pl.)'
pontos = Greek πόντος 'sea'
populus = Latin populus 'people'
porta = Latin porta 'gate'
porticus = Latin porticus 'porch'
portus = Latin portus 'harbour'
potamia = Greek ποταμία 'river-land'
potamos = Greek ποταμός 'river, stream, Nile branch'
praedia = Latin praedia 'estates (pl.)'
praedium = Latin praedium 'estate'
praefectura = Latin praefectura 'district governed by a praefectus'
praesidium = Latin praesidium 'garrison'
praetorium = Latin praetorium 'residence of a (miltary) official, palace, villa'
pratus = Latin pratus 'meadow'
proastion = Greek προάστιον 'suburb'
promunturium = Latin promunturium 'cape, promontory'
prosodos = Greek πρόσοδος 'land providing revenue'
prosthema = Greek πρόσθεμα 'additional plot of land'
provincia = Latin provincia 'province'
pseudostomon = Greek ψευδόστομον 'Nile mouth, < stoma'
ptoliethron = Greek πτολίεθρον 'citadel, < polis'
pyle = Greek πύλη 'gate'
pyrgos = Greek πύργος 'tower'
refugium = Latin refugium 'place of refuge'
regio = Latin regio 'region'
regiones = Latin regiones 'regions (pl.)'
regnum = Latin regnum 'kingdom'
res publica = Latin res publica 'the citizens gathered, republic, state'
rivus = Latin rivus 'brook'
rupes = Latin rupes 'rock'
rus = Latin rus 'estate'
ryme = Greek ῥύμη 'street'
rymion = Greek ῥύμιον 'small street, < ryme'
saltus = Latin saltus 'woodland'
scalae = Latin scalae 'flight of steps (pl.)'
sepulcrum = Latin sepulcrum 'tomb'
silva = Latin silva 'forest'
silvae = Latin silvae 'forests (pl.)'
sinus = Latin sinus 'gulf'
skenai = Greek σκηναί 'tents (pl.)'
skene = Greek σκηνή 'tent'
skope = Greek σκοπή 'lookout-place, watch-tower'
skopeloi = Greek σκόπελοι 'lookout-places (pl.)'
skopelos = Greek σκόπελος 'lookout-place'
skopiai = Greek σκοπιαί 'lookout-places (pl.)'
solen = Greek σωλήν 'channel, gutter'
solum = Latin solum 'ground, soil'
sphragis = Greek σφραγὶς 'governmentally defined and numbered area of land > plot of land'
stathmos = Greek σταθμός 'lodgings'
statio = Latin statio 'station'
stoa = Greek στοά 'roofed colonnade'
stoma = Greek στόμα 'Nile mouth'
stomion = Greek στόμιον 'Nile mouth, < stoma'
stratopeda = Greek στρατόπεδα 'camps (pl.)'
stratopedon = Greek στρατόπεδον 'camp'
suburbium = Latin suburbium 'suburb'
t mi.t = Egyptian tȝ my.t 'road'
ta = Egyptian tȝ 'land'
taberna = Latin taberna 'tavern'
tabernae = Latin tabernae 'taverns (pl.)'
tainia = Greek ταινία 'spit of land'
tchon = Egyptian tȝ ẖnmt 'well'
teichos = Greek τείχος 'fortification'
tellus = Latin tellus 'land'
temene = Greek τεμένη 'temple precincts (pl.)'
temenos = Greek τέμενος 'temple precinct'
templum = Latin templum 'temple'
terra = Latin terra 'land'
territorium = Latin territorium 'territory'
tesh = Egyptian tš 'district'
tesh = Egyptian tš 'district, = nomos'
tetrastylon = Greek τετράστυλον 'colonnade'
thalassa = Greek θάλασσα 'sea'
theatrum = Latin theatrum 'thetater'
therma balaneia = Greek θερμὰ βαλανεῖα 'hot bath'
thermai = Greek θερμαί 'baths (pl.)'
thyrai = Greek θῦραι 'sluice gate (pl.)'
toou = Coptic ⲧⲟⲟⲩ 'mountain'
toparchia = Greek τοπαρχία 'district governed by a toparches, < topos'
toparchiai = Greek τοπαρχίαι 'districts (pl.) governed by a toparches, < topos '
topion = Greek τόπιον 'small place, < topos'
topoi = Greek τόποι 'places (pl.)'
topos = Greek τόπος 'place'
topothesia = Greek τοποθεσία 'region, quarter'
torrens = Latin torrens 'torrent'
traiectus = Latin traiectus 'crossing'
tribus = Latin tribus 'division of citizens, tribus' (see also below)
tumulus = Latin tumulus 'hill tomb'
turres = Latin turres 'towers (pl.)'
turricula = Latin turricula 'small tower, < turris'
turris = Latin turris 'tower'
urbs = Latin urbs 'city'
vallis = Latin vallis 'valley'
vallum = Latin vallum 'rampart, wall'
via = Latin via 'road'
vicales = Latin vicales 'inhabitants (pl.) of a vicus'
vicani = Latin vicani 'inhabitants (pl.) of a vicus'
vicanus = Latin vicanus 'inhabitant of a vicus'
vicus = Latin vicus 'quarter, village, hamlet'
villa = Latin villa 'villa, mansion'
village = Arabic (village) 'village'
villaris = Latin villaris 'land belonging to a villa'
xenodocheion = Greek ξενοδοχεῖον 'hostel'
xenon = Greek ξενών 'guest-chamber'
xerokepion = Greek ξηροκήπιον 'dry garden, < kepos'
The geographical term can be combined with the toponym proper in several ways:
by simple apposition in the same case, e.g. colonia Sarmizegetusa
by combining it with a genitive, e.g. Ἄρεως κώμη
by adding an adjective in the same case, e.g. urbs Romana
by combining it with a genitive plural of the nominalized adjective, e.g. metropolis Tomitanorum
by combining it with an attributive element, e.g. Ano Topoi, Hepta Nomoi, Nea Polis
Adjectival forms have been distinguished in ethnica, i.e. adjectives referring to provenance for people, and adjectives, the term which is used when the provenance indication is combined with things such as wine or vessel types. Adverbs such as Graece 'in Greek (language)' have also been classified here:
any expression containing an adjectival form
ethnicon (in general)
... of a group, e.g. Thracum 'of the Thracians'
... part of a toponym, e.g. Augusta Taurinorum
... of a god, e.g. Iovi Capitolino
... of a priesthood, e.g. Sertorianus Laurens Lavinas
... of an animal, e.g. equum Cappadocem 'a horse of Cappadocia'
... of a gladiator type, e.g. Samnes 'the Samnite'
adjective
adverb
Finally, apart from references to phyle and demos in a Greek context, and civis and tribus indications in a Latin or Roman one, the following expressions are also related to provenance indication or institutional affiliation for individuals:
simple ethnicon
domo
... with ethnicon
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with ablative
... with invariable
... with preposition ex
origine
... with ethnicon
natione
... with ethnicon
... with genitive
... with ablative
... with natus and ethnicon
natus
... with ethnicon
... with genitive
... with ablative
... with invariable
... with preposition ab
... with preposition apud
... with preposition ex
... with preposition in
... with domo
... with natione and ethnicon
oriundus
... with ethnicon
... with genitive
... with ablative
... with preposition ab
... with preposition ex
... with preposition in
... with domo
ortus
... with ablative
... with preposition ab
... with preposition ex
... with preposition in
prognatus
... with ablative
... with natione and genitive
In the field 'geographic term' round brackets embrace an element that is not explicitly written but can be assumed from the context, e.g. (provincia) in the case of 'in Dacia Porolissensi'. Square brackets are used for a geographic term that is in lacuna. A question mark indicates uncertainty, e.g. '[kome?]' for [ἀπὸ κώμης?] Ἐλευσίνας. An asterisk marks the rather rare cases where all elements of a geographic reference are written out in full or can be reconstructed with certainty, e.g. civitas + adj. gen. pl.* for 'civitas Vellavor(um)'.
Place names appear in various grammatical constructions. Often a simple declined case is used:
nominative case
genitive case
dative case
accusative case
ablative case
vocative case
invariable
unclear
congruence (see below)
list entry
The distinction between invariable and declined forms is not always easy to make. 'Congruence' is used for adjectival forms of toponyms linked to personal names or non-geographical nouns, e.g. exercitus Britannicus 'the British army' or πυροῦ Συρίου 'of Syrian wheat', but not Aegyptium mare 'Egyptian sea', which is 'mare + adj. congr.'. 'List' is used when toponyms are listed and various cases seem to be used arbitrarily for the entries, e.g. in itineraria.
An alternative to simple cases are prepositional constructions, such as for Latin (work still in progress):
a / ab
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
ad
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with ablative
... with invariable
adversus
... with accusative
ante
... with accusative
apud
... with accusative
cata (κατά)
... with ablative
circa
... with accusative
circum
... with accusative
cis
... with accusative
citra
... with accusative
contra
... with ablative
cum
... with ablative
... with invariable
de
... with genitive
... with ablative
... with invariable
e / ex
... with ablative
... with invariable
extra
... with accusative
... with invariable
in
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with ablative
... with invariable
inter
... with accusative
... with invariable
intra
... with accusative
... with ablative
iuxta
... with accusative
per
... with accusative
... with ablative
... with invariable
post
... with accusative
prope
... with accusative
secundum
... with accusative
secus
... with accusative
sub
... with ablative
supra
... with accusative
trans
... with accusative
... with ablative
ultra
... with accusative
usque
... with accusative
Or for Greek (all entries labelled):
ἀμφί (amphi)
... with accusative
ἄντα (anta)
... with genitive
ἄντικρυς (anta)
... with genitive
ἀντιπέρα (antipera)
... with genitive
ἀπέναντι (apenanti)
... with genitive
... with invariable
ἀπό (apo)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
ἄπωθε (apothe)
... with genitive
ἄχρι (achri)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
διά (dia)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
ἐγγύς (eggys)
... with genitive
ἐγγύθι (eggythi)
... with genitive
εἰς (eis)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
εἴσωθεν (eisothen)
... with genitive
ἐκ (ek)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
ἐκτός (ektos)
... with genitive
ἐν (en)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
ἐντός (entos)
... with genitive
ἐξαντικρύ (exantikry)
... with genitive
ἔξω (exo)
... with genitive
ἔξωθεν (exothen)
... with genitive
ἐπάνω (epano)
... with genitive
... with invariable
ἐπί (epi)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
ἔσωθεν (esothen)
... with genitive
ἕως (heos)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
κατά (kata)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
κάταντα (katanta)
... with genitive
καταντικρύ (katantikry)
... with genitive
... with invariable
καταντίον (katantion)
... with genitive
καθύπερθε (kathyperthe)
... with genitive
κυκλίῳ (kyklioi)
... with genitive
μετά (meta)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
μεταξύ (metaxy)
... with genitive
μέχρι (mechri)
... with genitive
... with invariable
ὀπίσω (opiso)
... with genitive
παρά (para)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
πέρα (pera)
... with genitive
... with invariable
πέραν (peran)
... with genitive
περί (peri)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
πλησίον (plesion)
... with genitive
... with invariable
πόρρωθεν (porrothen)
... with genitive
πρό (pro)
... with genitive
... with dative
πρός (pros)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
... with invariable
σύν (syn)
... with genitive
... with dative
... with invariable
ὑπέρ (hyper)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with invariable
ὕπερθε (hyperthe)
... with genitive
ὑπό (hypo)
... with genitive
... with accusative
... with dative
ὑποκάτω (hypokato)
... with invariable
χωρίς (choris)
... with genitive
... with invariable
ὡς (hos)
... with dative
... with invariable
In the field 'construction' the term '(wrong)' is added to manifest grammatical mistakes, e.g. 'ἐπὶ κώμην Καρανίδι' = 'epi + dat. (wrong)'.
For a survey of all the constructions used in the Greek and Latin attestations and their frequency, click here.
Place names appear in various semantic roles:
location, e.g. 'in Greece'
direction, e.g. 'to Egypt'
provenance, e.g. '(leaving) from Ravenna'
origin of people, e.g. 'from Ravenna'
distance, e.g. '10 miles from Alexandria'
time, e.g. in 'post Romam conditam'
Work under construction: only filled in for about 1/5 of all attestations (the more obvious ones).
The field Context contains a literal and standardized (mostly English) translation of the immediate context in which the toponym occurs, and/or some related tag words (work in progress: now available for about one fourth of the references). This field can be used for all kinds of words, but especially to look for toponyms in combination with administrative functions (e.g. 'strategos of the Arsinoites', 'basilikos grammateus of the meris of Herakleides', 'praefectus Aegypti') or institutions (e.g. 'thesauros', 'grapheion', 'ergasterion'). Toponyms in contract clauses are preceded by '(date)' (e.g. '(date), in Tebtynis of the meris of Polemon of the Arsinoites nomos'). Expressions such as 'in the Egyptian / Greek calendar' can be found through the word 'calendar'. Other frequent expressions are 'cohors / cohortes', 'ala / alae', 'exercitus', 'Perses / Persai of the epigone'.
We have attestations of place names in the languages listed below:
For Egyptian scripts (hieroglyphic, hieratic, and Demotic), we have standardized transliterations; for Latin, Greek, and Coptic we have actual transcriptions in the correct alphabet. For other languages we only have (sometimes non-standard) transliterations.
You can search for a place by typing in a transliterated form, e.g. Alexandria or Tebtynis. While we try to cater for many possible transliteration systems, those most often used in English have the best chance of finding the place you are looking for. You can also try the original in Greek (nominative only!), or a Demotic form.
ALWAYS type in complete words here, as if you were searching in Google.
It is also possible to look for a specific place by entering the TM Geo-id, e.g. '1524' which will bring you to Oxyrynchos
E.g. BGU, P. Dryton, SB, I. Fayoum, ... Click here for a complete alphabetical list of abbreviations.
While we try to provide as many editions of the text as we can, the depth of Trismegistos' information varies quite a lot according to the genre of text and its language. For Greek and Latin inscriptions and papyri, we try to cover all editions used to identify the texts. For Demotic our coverage is also almost exhaustive, but for other languages we sometimes suffice with a link to a more specialized website.
Please do not look for a specific text here, but use the TM Texts interface for that. This will bring you to the detail page of a text where the toponyms are mentioned.
If you have doubts about abbreviation or title, you can try to the surname of the editor in the editor search field. The name of the editor is known to TM in about 95% of all editions.
As a last resort, you can go through the (non-exhaustive!) TM Bibliography which in some cases has links to texts published in that reference.
The name of the editor of the text. We use surname followed by a comma and first name, but other combinations may also work.
Editors in Trismegistos:
If editors are at the core of your interest, visit TM Editors.
The year of an edition. A search for 1972 will find all texts edited in 1972, although very likely this will not be their only edition. Ranges are also possible, e.g. 1914-1918 for texts edited in the WWI. If you are searching for editions from a specific year or range (rather than for texts), your better option is here.
Keep in mind that we have most papyrological editions and those dealing with Demotic, but only a selection of most other categories.
The place where the text is (or has been) preserved. We normally use the English name of the city followed by a comma and the local name of the collection. You may also just use the placename, e.g. Paris. Please do not look for a specific text here, but use the TM Texts interface for that. This will bring you to the detail page of a text where the toponyms are mentioned.
Below is a list of our collections:
If collections are at the core of your interest, visit TM Collections.
Click on the info button to the right of a search field for more information about its contents. For most categories, this generates a list of the standardized terms used in Trismegistos: click on one to fill in the search form automatically.
It is currently not possible to use NOT or OR for place name attestation criteria!
If you want to exclude texts according to criteria, please use 'NOT' (in capitals) before the search term, e.g. 'ostracon NOT pottery' to search for ostraca that are not written on pottery.
If you want to search for multiple criteria, please use 'OR' (in capitals) to separate criteria, e.g. 'gold OR silver' to search for texts written on gold or silver.
Always write your text-related searchterm in full, as if you were using Google. For place name attestations, wildcards are added (see here).
The material on which the text is written (limestone, papyrus, wood, ...) or the shape of the object on which the texts is written (stele, ring, ostracon, ...). These two types of material can be combined in a single search, e.g. 'lead tablet'.
Below is a list of raw materials:
bone
bone (animal unclear, horn?)
bone (animal unclear, horn)
bone (antler)
bone (boar)
bone (camel)
bone (cow)
bone (deer, horn)
bone (fallow deer, horn)
bone (goat?)
bone (human, rib)
bone / metal (gold)
bone or metal (bronze)
bone?
clay
clay (argil)
clay (mud)
clay (mudbrick)
clay?
cloth
cloth (cotton)
cloth (linen, embroidered)
cloth (linen)
cloth? (linen)
faience
faience / metal (bronze)
faience / metal (gold)
faience / stone (calcite)
faience / stone (limestone)
faience / stone (steatite?)
faience / stone (steatite)
faience?
glass
glass (frit)
glass (paste)
glass (red)
glass / metal (gold)
glass / metal (lead)
glass?
ivory
ivory / bone
ivory?
metal
metal (brass)
metal (bronze or copper)
metal (bronze?)
metal (bronze)
metal (copper oxide)
metal (copper)
metal (electrum)
metal (gold or silver)
metal (gold, leaf)
metal (gold)
metal (iron)
metal (lead?)
metal (lead)
metal (messing)
metal (ore)
metal (pewter)
metal (silver?)
metal (silver)
metal (tin)
metal (zinc)
metal / stone (limestone)
metal?
metal? (orichalcum)
paper
paper (rag paper)
paper?
papyrus
papyrus (double thickness)
papyrus / paper (repair)
papyrus / parchment
papyrus?
parchment
parchment (from book binding)
parchment (gold letters)
parchment (leather, calf)
parchment (leather, crocodile)
parchment (leather, sheep)
parchment (leather?)
parchment (leather)
parchment (partly purpureus)
parchment (purpureus aureus)
parchment (purpureus)
parchment / paper (some pages)
parchment?
plaster
plaster (cartonnage)
plaster (gypsum)
plaster (painted)
plaster (stucco)
plaster (tectorium)
plaster / clay / cloth (linen)
plaster / stone (limestone)
plaster?
plaster? (cartonnage)
plaster? (tectorium)
pottery
pottery (black figure)
pottery (black slip)
pottery (bucchero, black)
pottery (bucchero)
pottery (ceramic)
pottery (coarse ware)
pottery (red slip)
pottery (red-figure)
pottery (terra sigillata)
pottery (terracotta)
pottery (white slip)
pottery or stone
pottery or stone (limestone)
pottery?
pottery? or stone (limestone?)
stone
stone (agate?)
stone (agate)
stone (alabaster)
stone (albite)
stone (amber)
stone (amethyst)
stone (amphibolite)
stone (andesite)
stone (aplite)
stone (arkose)
stone (asfalt)
stone (banded-agate)
stone (basalt or diorite)
stone (basalt, green)
stone (basalt?)
stone (basalt)
stone (basanite)
stone (besimaudite)
stone (black)
stone (bloodstone)
stone (breccia, green)
stone (breccia, grey)
stone (breccia?)
stone (breccia)
stone (brick)
stone (bucchero)
stone (calcite)
stone (carnelian)
stone (carneole)
stone (carniole)
stone (cement, opus arenatum)
stone (chalcedony, green)
stone (chalcedony)
stone (chalk)
stone (chrysoprase?)
stone (chrysoprase)
stone (clay-slate)
stone (conglomerate)
stone (coral)
stone (cornelian)
stone (crystal)
stone (diabase)
stone (diorite or siliceous stone)
stone (diorite, black)
stone (diorite)
stone (dolerite)
stone (dolomite)
stone (feldspar)
stone (flint)
stone (gabbro)
stone (gem)
stone (gneiss, serizzo)
stone (gneiss)
stone (granite, Baveno)
stone (granite, black)
stone (granite, dark)
stone (granite, grey)
stone (granite, pink)
stone (granite, red)
stone (granite, white)
stone (granite?)
stone (granite)
stone (granitoid)
stone (granodiorite or diorite)
stone (granodiorite)
stone (greywacke or schist)
stone (greywacke)
stone (grit)
stone (gritstone)
stone (gypsum)
stone (haematite)
stone (hard green stone)
stone (hard white stone)
stone (hard yellow-orange stone)
stone (heliotrope)
stone (hematite)
stone (jasper)
stone (jaspis)
stone (jet)
stone (kurkar)
stone (lapis albanus)
stone (lapis lazuli)
stone (lava)
stone (leucitite)
stone (lime clay)
stone (limestone or chalk)
stone (limestone or gypsum plaster?)
stone (limestone, hard crystalline)
stone (limestone, Istrian stone)
stone (limestone, Muschelkalk)
stone (limestone?)
stone (limestone)
stone (Lybian stone)
stone (macco?)
stone (macco)
stone (magmatic)
stone (magnetite)
stone (marble or mosaic)
stone (marble, African)
stone (marble, Angera)
stone (marble, bardiglio)
stone (marble, black)
stone (marble, blue)
stone (marble, Candoglia)
stone (marble, Carrara)
stone (marble, Castracane)
stone (marble, Chium)
stone (marble, Cipollino)
stone (marble, Grechetto)
stone (marble, Greek)
stone (marble, green)
stone (marble, grey, bardiglio)
stone (marble, grey)
stone (marble, Hymettian)
stone (marble, Italian)
stone (marble, Luni)
stone (marble, Marmara)
stone (marble, Musso)
stone (marble, Naxos)
stone (marble, Numidian)
stone (marble, oriental)
stone (marble, palombino)
stone (marble, Parian?)
stone (marble, Pavonazzo)
stone (marble, Pentelican)
stone (marble, pink)
stone (marble, porta santa)
stone (marble, Proconnesian)
stone (marble, red)
stone (marble, shell)
stone (marble, Thasos)
stone (marble, Veronese, red)
stone (marble, versicolour)
stone (marble, white, Luni)
stone (marble, white)
stone (marble, yellow)
stone (marble?)
stone (marble)
stone (marl)
stone (mica)
stone (millstone grit)
stone (molasse)
stone (mosaic?)
stone (mosaic)
stone (mudstone)
stone (nepheline)
stone (nicolo)
stone (obsidian)
stone (onyx)
stone (oolite)
stone (opale)
stone (pebble)
stone (peperino)
stone (plasma)
stone (plaster)
stone (poros)
stone (porphyric marble)
stone (porphyric tuff)
stone (porphyric)
stone (porphyry, red)
stone (porphyry)
stone (prase)
stone (pyrite)
stone (pyroclastic rock)
stone (quarry-stone)
stone (quartz)
stone (quartzite)
stone (rock?)
stone (rock)
stone (sand mortar, arenatum?)
stone (sand mortar, arenatum)
stone (sandstone or quartzite)
stone (sandstone, arkose)
stone (sandstone, gritstone)
stone (sandstone, pietra serena)
stone (sandstone, red)
stone (sandstone, yellow)
stone (sandstone?, red)
stone (sandstone?)
stone (sandstone)
stone (sard)
stone (sardius)
stone (sardonyx)
stone (schist)
stone (semiprecious)
stone (serpentine, green)
stone (serpentine)
stone (serpentinite)
stone (shale)
stone (shell, egg)
stone (shell)
stone (shinstone)
stone (silex)
stone (siltstone)
stone (slate or schist)
stone (slate, black)
stone (slate, green)
stone (slate?)
stone (slate)
stone (soapstone)
stone (soft-stone)
stone (steatite or serpentine)
stone (steatite)
stone (sulphur)
stone (syenite)
stone (tafl)
stone (tesserae)
stone (Tiburtinus)
stone (tonalite)
stone (trachyte)
stone (travertine?)
stone (travertine)
stone (tuff, Alban stone)
stone (tuff, Gabine stone)
stone (tuff, nenfro)
stone (tuff, peperino)
stone (tuff?, Alban stone)
stone (tuff?, nenfro)
stone (tuff?)
stone (tuff)
stone (vicentine)
stone (volcanic, 'domite')
stone (volcanic?)
stone (volcanic)
stone / plaster
stone / wood
stone?
stone? (marble)
wood
wood (acacia bark)
wood (acacia)
wood (bamboo)
wood (bark)
wood (birch)
wood (cedar)
wood (fig)
wood (glass)
wood (larch)
wood (oak)
wood (olive)
wood (painted white)
wood (palm branch or papyrus bark)
wood (palm branch)
wood (palm leaf)
wood (plant remains)
wood (reed)
wood (silicified)
wood (silver fir)
wood (sycamore)
wood (sycomore)
wood (tamarisk)
wood (whitewashed)
wood (yew)
wood / cartonnage
wood / plaster
wood / plaster (stucco)
wood?
For an overview of the main categories with charts, visit TM Material.
It is also possible to search for the type of object on which a text is written. This information is far from standardized, as the list list below with all current entries shows:
The information is occasionally still in the original language of the database which we cooperated with to get the information.
The language in which a text was written. For Egyptian the names of the various scripts are used: hieroglyphic, hieratic, Demotic, Coptic. Dialects of Coptic are normally also specified.
You can also search for "bilingual" texts in general, or just search for a combination of two languages, e.g. "Demotic Greek". The standard boolean operator is 'AND', but you can add ' OR ' (in capitals)
A list of attested languages and combinations:
For an overview of languages in TM, visit TM Languages.
The place where a text was found or written. You can use modern countries, ancient regions and provinces (see lists below), or names of ancient or modern cities (no list available because too numerous, but we should have plenty of variants for each toponym).
It is currently not possible to distinguish place of writing from find place in searches.
Egyptian nomes (and regions outside the nome system; roughly 3rd cent. BC):
Alexandria
Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum)
Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Herakleides
Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Themistos
Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Polemon
Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), city area of Arsinoe
Eastern desert
Lower Egypt (L)
1st Lower Egyptian nome, Memphites (Memphis)
2nd Lower Egyptian nome, Letopolites (Ausim)
3rd Lower Egyptian nome, Gynaikopolites (Kom el-Hisn, Damanhur)
4th Lower Egyptian nome, Prosopites
5th Lower Egyptian nome, Saites (Sa el-Hagar)
6th Lower Egyptian nome, Xoites (Sakha)
7th Lower Egyptian nome, Menelaites
8th Lower Egyptian nome, Heroopolites (Tell el-Maskhuta)
9th Lower Egyptian nome, Bousirites (Abusir)
10th Lower Egyptian nome, Athribites (Tell Athrib)
11th Lower Egyptian nome, Leontopolites (Tell el-Muqdam)
12th Lower Egyptian nome, Sebennytes (Samanud)
13th Lower Egyptian nome, Heliopolites (Tell Hisn)
14th Lower Egyptian nome, Sethroites
16th Lower Egyptian nome, Mendesios (Tell el-Rub'a)
18th Lower Egyptian nome, Boubastites (Tell Basta)
19th Lower Egyptian nome, Tanites (San el-Hagar)
20th Lower Egyptian nome, Arabia (Faqus)
21st Lower Egyptian nome, Phthemphouth
Northern Sinai
Sinai
Upper Egypt (U)
1st Upper Egyptian nome (Elephantine, Kom Ombo)
2nd Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Edfu)
3rd Upper Egyptian nome, Latopolites (Esna, Kom el-Ahmar)
4th Upper Egyptian nome, Pathyrites (Gebelein)
4th Upper Egyptian nome, Peri Thebas (Theban area)
5th Upper Egyptian nome, Koptites (Qift)
6th Upper Egyptian nome, Tentyrites (Dendera)
7th Upper Egyptian nome, Diospolites Mikros (Hou)
8th Upper Egyptian nome, Thinites (Abydos, Girga)
9th Upper Egyptian nome, Panopolites (Akhmim)
10th Upper Egyptian nome, Antaiopolites (Qaw el-Kebir)
10th Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Kom Isfaht)
12th Upper Egyptian nome (El-Atawla)
13th Upper Egyptian nome, Lykopolites (Assiut)
15th Upper Egyptian nome, Hermopolites (El-Ashmunein)
17th Upper Egyptian nome, Kynopolites (El-Qeis)
19th Upper Egyptian nome, Oxyrynchites (El-Bahnasa)
20th Upper Egyptian nome, Herakleopolites (Inhnasya el-Medina)
22nd Upper Egyptian nome, Aphroditopolites (Atfih)
Western coast
Western desert
Western desert, Ammoniake
Western desert, Oasis Magna
Western desert, Oasis Parva
Roman regiones and provinciae (2nd century AD).
the regio Roma
Latium et Campania (Regio I)
Apulia et Calabria (Regio II)
Bruttium et Lucania (Regio III)
Samnium (Regio IV)
Picenum (Regio V)
Umbria (Regio VI)
Etruria (Regio VII)
Aemilia (Regio VIII)
Liguria (Regio IX)
Venetia et Histria (Regio X)
Transpadana (Regio XI)
* * *
the provincia Achaia
the provincia Aegyptus
the provincia Africa Proconsularis
the provincia Alpes Cottiae
the provincia Alpes Graiae
the provincia Alpes Maritimae
the provincia Alpes Poeninae
the provincia Aquitania
the provincia Arabia
the provincia Armenia
the provincia Asia
the provincia Baetica
the provincia Belgica
the provincia Bithynia et Pontus
the provincia Britannia
the provincia Cappadocia
the provincia Cilicia
the provincia Corsica
the provincia Creta
the provincia Cyprus
the provincia Cyrenaica
the provincia Dacia
the provincia Dalmatia
the provincia Epirus
the provincia Galatia
the provincia Germania Inferior
the provincia Germania Superior
the provincia Hispania Citerior
the provincia Iudaea
the provincia Lugdunensis
the provincia Lusitania
the provincia Lycia et Pamphylia
the provincia Macedonia
the provincia Mauretania Caesariensis
the provincia Mauretania Tingitana
the provincia Mesopotamia
the provincia Moesia Inferior
the provincia Moesia Superior
the provincia Narbonensis
the provincia Noricum
the provincia Numidia
the provincia Pannonia Inferior
the provincia Pannonia Superior
the provincia Raetia
the provincia Sardinia
the provincia Sicilia, Melita
the provincia Syria
the provincia Thracia
Ancient regions (3rd century BC):
the region Acarnania
the region Achaia
the region Achaia Phthiotis
the region Aemilia
the region Aeolis
the region Aethiopia
the region Aetolia
the region Africa
the region Ainis
the region Albania
the region Apulia
the region Arabia
the region Arachosia
the region Arcadia
the region Argolis
the region Armenia
the region Attica
the region Bactria
the region Bithynia
the region Boeotia
the region Bosporus Cimmerius
the region Britannia
the region Bruttium
the region Calabria
the region Campania
the region Cappadocia
the region Caria
the region Cataonia
the region Caucasus
the region Cilicia
the region Corsica
the region Creta
the region Cyclades
the region Cyrenaica
the region Dacia
the region Elam
the region Elis
the region Epirus
the region Etruria
the region Euboea
the region Galatia
the region Gallia
the region Gedrosia
the region Germania
the region Hibernia
the region Hispania
the region Histria
the region Hyrcania
the region Iberia
the region Illyricum
the region India
the region Ionia
the region Isauria
the region Isthmos
the region Italia
the region Kolchis
the region Kommagene
the region Laconia
the region Latium
the region Lemnos
the region Lesbos
the region Liguria
the region Locris
the region Lucania
the region Lycaonia
the region Lycia
the region Lydia
the region Macedonia
the region Malis
the region Malta
the region Margiana
the region Marmarica
the region Mauretania
the region Media
the region Mesopotamia
the region Messenia
the region Moesia
the region Mysia
the region Noricum
the region Numidia
the region Paeonia
the region Palestina
the region Pamphylia
the region Pannonia
the region Paphlagonia
the region Parthia
the region Persis
the region Phocis
the region Phoenicia
the region Phrygia
the region Picenum
the region Pisidia
the region Pontus
the region Raetia
the region Rhodos
the region Samnium
the region Sardinia
the region Sarmatia
the region Scythia
the region Sicilia
the region Sogdiana
the region Sporades
the region Syria
the region Thasos
the region Thessalia
the region Thracia
the region Transpadana
the region Troas
the region Umbria
the region Venetia
Modern countries:
the country Afghanistan
the country Albania
the country Algeria
the country Armenia
the country Austria
the country Azerbaijan
the country Bahrain
the country Belgium
the country Bosnia and Herzegovina
the country Bulgaria
the country China
the country Congo
the country Croatia
the country Cyprus
the country Czech Republic
the country Denmark
the country Djibouti
the country Egypt
the country Eritrea
the country Ethiopia
the country France
the country Georgia
the country Germany
the country Greece
the country Hungary
the country Iceland
the country India
the country Iran
the country Iraq
the country Ireland
the country Israel
the country Italy
the country Jordan
the country Kenya
the country Kuwait
the country Kyrgyzstan
the country Lebanon
the country Libya
the country Liechtenstein
the country Luxemburg
the country Malta
the country Moldova
the country Monaco
the country Montenegro
the country Morocco
the country Mozambique
the country Nepal
the country Netherlands
the country Norway
the country Oman
the country Pakistan
the country Poland
the country Portugal
the country Qatar
the country Republic of Macedonia
the country Romania
the country Russia
the country Saudi Arabia
the country Serbia
the country Slovakia
the country Slovenia
the country Somalia
the country South Sudan
the country Spain
the country Sudan
the country Sweden
the country Switzerland
the country Syria
the country Tajikistan
the country Tanzania
the country Tunisia
the country Turkey
the country Turkmenistan
the country Ukraine
the country United Arab Emirates
the country United Kingdom
the country United Kingdom (Guernsey)
the country United Kingdom (Island of Man)
the country United Kingdom (Jersey)
the country Uzbekistan
the country Vatican
the country Yemen
If your interest is in toponymy and places, please visit TM Places.
In principle any dated expression, but in the LDAB most texts are only dated by century. You can use '1st century BC', 'early third century AD', the former LDAB standard 'AD04 - AD05', or even 'Ptolemaic period'. Do NOT try to convert centuries to their numeric equivalents yourself, e.g. by using anything like 101-126 for early second century or 1-100 for the first century. When a more precise date is known, you can enter it as '100 - 110 AD'. Other possibilities include 'reign of Augustus', 'early Ptolemaic', 'VI AD' (for the sixth century), 'Dyn. 26', '55 - 10 BC', ...'
A list with working examples:
CE 155 Mesore 2
Mesore 2 155 AD
2 Mesore 155 AD
Mesore 155 AD
BCE 155 Mesore
BC 155 2 Mesore
BC 15
15 CE
155
9 Nov 1 AD
9 Nov 1 => 1 November 9 AD
18/3/-167
22.03.167
12/15/782
9/11/99 => 9 November 99 AD
Claudius year 2
year 2 Trajan
year 12 of Tiberius
Caligula
Ptolemy V
2nd year of Augustus
regnal year 2 of Emperor Augustus
Augustus second year
year 2
2nd year
year 2 Mesore
Mesore year 2
Tubi of year 5
Mecheir, Mechir, Mekheir, ...
year 3 Tubi day 5
year 3, Tubi, day 5
year 12, day 30 of Mesore
ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5
ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5 Ptolemaic period
ỉbd 3 šmw ḥȝ.t-sp 7
II Shemou year 2
2nd century BC
2nd c. BC
Mesore Tiberius
January Tiberius
15 Jan Augustus
15 January Augustus
Mesore Pharaoh Amasis
Mesore 6th century CE
early 2nd century
beginning of the fifth century CE
late 3rd c. BC
end of the 2nd century BCE
mid 3rd c. BC
middle of the 3rd c. BC
Thoth in the third century B.C.
BC03
AD08
VI AD
VI century AD
year 2 3rd century AD
3rd century AD year 13
Tubi reign of Claudius
Tubi rule of Augustus
Tubi during the reign of Augustus
Claudius Tubi
Mesore 5 Ptolemaic period
year 2 in the Flavian dynasty
Dyn. 25 Mesore 4
Dyn. 25 Mesore
27th Dynasty 4 Mesore
Twenty-seventh Dynasty
25th Dynasty
early Ptolemaic year 4
early Ptolemaic
Roman year 5
Roman period 5 Mesore
early third cent. BC Mesore
January Ptolemaic period
Sunday January 4th century CE
era Diocletian year 67
67th year of the era of Diocletian
67th year era Diocletian
67th year era Diocletianus
Era of the Martyrs
anno Diocletiani 56
anno martyrum 56
Indiction 5
5th Ind.
year 5 of the indiction
Indictio 1
second year of the Indiction 6th century
2nd Indiction Leonid Dynasty
Created ranges: limited to ranges of modern or ancient years, NOT YET days, months, rulers, centuries, dynasties
BC 95 - 91
15 - 7 BC
CE 45 - 56
7 - 24 AD
15 to 10 BC
from 15 until 10 BC
15 till 10 BC
BC 95 - 91 Mesore
Mesore BC 95 - 91
BC 95 - 91 Mesore 2
Caligula year 3 to 4
Claudius year 2-5
year 5 to 10 of the reign of Claudius
year 2 to 3 of Caligula
Augustus year 1-10 Mesore
Mesore 2 reign of Augustus year 2 to 12
Do not yet work:
consular dates
early 26th Dyn.
year 12 to 13 Mesore 4: the range itself has to be specific, not with several possibilities
5th to 6th century
5th to 6th century AD Mesore
7th to 2nd century BC
Dynasty 25 - 27
25th to 27th Dynasty
If your interest is in chronology, please visit TM Time.
The ancient collection of texts to which a papyrus or ostracon belongs, e.g. 'Zenon archive'.
TM has information about the following archives:
For an overview of archives in TM, visit TM Archives.
This field was until recently marked with a ☠️️UNDER DEVELOPMENT. This is still true, and a search for the type of text is probably for experimentation purposes at best. The user should not expect results to be even remotely exhaustive, as the terminology is not standardized, not even within a single language and genre. The situation is probably best for Greek papyrology and for Demotic, but even there much work remains to be done.