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Attestations of names & people

This form allows you to search for attestations of personal names and individuals, i.e. as they are mentioned in papyri, inscriptions, etc., answering to certain (multiple) criteria, e.g. all attestations of the name Sarapion in the genitive, or all attestations of the name Stotoetis outside of Soknopaiou Nesos in the Roman period.

If you are looking for a single specific attestation of a name or person, e.g. Pokas (TM Per 12539) in TM 262 l. 2, the easiest way is to fill in the TM Ref ID (in this case 27822) in the quicksearch field in the header above. If you do not know the TM Ref ID, please use the search form below.

CAUTION: for all information relating to a specific name or individual, please use the homepage.

I am looking for name attestations corresponding to ...:
Name (as in text):
as name element:	(prae)nomen name double triple
Connecting formula (double names):
Gender (of individual):
Cluster role:
Case:
Language / script (attestation):
... of names containing ...:
Compound:
Principal element:
Gender (of name):
... in texts answering to (one of) the following criteria:
Names / Editions / Catalogues:
Editor(s):
Edition date:
Inventory:
Material:
Language (/ script):
Provenance:
Date:
Ancient Author & Work:
Type:
(Ancient) Archive:

Search help

Click on the info button to the right of a search field for more information about its contents. For most categories, this generates a list of the standardized terms used in Trismegistos: click on one to fill in the search form automatically.

It is currently not possible to use NOT or OR for name attestation criteria.

CAUTION: the 'compound' and 'principal element' fields cannot be combined with the 'name (as in text)' field. Combinations with all other fields are fine.

Text search criteria

If you want to exclude texts according to criteria, please use 'NOT' (in capitals) before the search term, e.g. 'ostracon NOT pottery' to search for ostraca that are not written on pottery.

If you want to search for multiple criteria, please use 'OR' (in capitals) to separate criteria, e.g. 'gold OR silver' to search for texts written on gold or silver.

Always write your text-related searchterm in full, as if you were using Google. For place name attestations, wildcards are added (see here).

Type in the string you are looking for in the name box. This field will look for the form as attested in the text, i.e. in its declined form. So if you enter a nominative, only nominatives will turn up.

Searching for multiple names If you want to look for attestations of people with multiple names, you can enter both names in this field. If you do not select any name elements, all possible constructions will be displayed. E.g. 'Ἡρακλείδου Οὐαλερίου' will result in all attestations of Ἡρακλείδου τοῦ καὶ / ἐπικαλουμένου / ... Οὐαλερίου (i.e. double names), but also in Οὐαλερίου Ἡρακλείδου (i.e. as a Roman name). If you want to limit this to double names only, please check the 'name' and 'double' boxes. Similarly, if you are looking for all Marci Aurelii, regardless of their cognomen, simply tick the '(prae)nomen' box.

As a rule a wildcard will be added at the end of your search, but not at the start: a searchterm Αλε will find all attestations in which Αλε is found at the beginning of the word. Stricter or less strict application of wildcards can be applied on the results page.

Accents and diacritic signs (including the Greek spiritus) will not be taken into account, and there is no distinction between uppercase and lowercase.

The Leiden brackets for abbreviations etc. can be used, but in that case only precise matches will be found. If you search for Φοιβ(άμμωνος), for example, you will only find attestations that are abbreviated and solved by the editors in this way. Please search without Leiden symbols if you want to find all attestations.

Take me back to the search help introduction

Here you can specify the name element. If none of the boxes are ticked, all attested name elements will be returned.

The majority of attested individuals from ancient Egypt had a single name. Some had two names ('double name'), some three ('triple name'); these could be used simultaneously, or alternately. With the Romans, a new form of polyonymy was introduced, the so-called duo or tria nomina. The Roman name in the imperial period consisted of (at least) two elements: a nomen (gentilicium), which can be compared to our family name, and an individualizing cognomen. They can be preceded by a praenomen, literally a 'first name', but given the limited stock of praenomina, this element had already become more or less fossilized at the time of Augustus and was often omitted.

In TM People, we distinguish the following name elements:

name: the name is used as the main, individualizing name. This is the default element in TM People. For the majority of known individuals who had only one name, this is the only available element. For people with a double or triple name, 'name' points to the first-attested name in the construction, e.g. Imn-ḥtp in Imn-ḥtp ḏd n=f Sylws (Amenothes alias Zoilos, TM Ref 13646).

double: the name is used as the second name in the attestation of a double or triple name, e.g. Sylws in Imn-ḥtp ḏd n=f Sylws (Amenothes alias Zoilos, TM Ref 13646). If a person has multiple cognomina, the second one is filled in here as well, e.g. Τιβερῖνος in Λούκιος Ἰγνάτιος Φρόντων Τιβερῖνος (TM Ref 420041).
CAUTION: searching for a name as 'double' only brings up those attestations where it is used as that name element. The names in a double name did not adhere to a fixed position, and could be reversed. Searching for Οὐαλερίῳ as 'double' will therefore result in a hit for Ἡρακλείδῃ τῷ καὶ Οὐαλερίῳ (TM Ref 67490), but not for Οὐαλερίῳ τῷ καὶ Ἡρακλείδῃ (TM Ref 237497), even though both attestations refer to the same person, Herakleides alias Valerius (TM Per 127633).

triple: the name is used as the third name in the attestation of a double or triple name, e.g. Σευήρᾳ in Αὐρηλί[ᾳ] [Σ]ύρᾳ τῇ καὶ Εἰσαρίῳ ἐπικεκλημένῃ Σευήρᾳ (TM Ref 240135), or as a third cognomen. The same warning applies as for double names (see above).

(prae)nomen: this option can be selected when the name is used as a praenomen or nomen in a Roman-style name. A search for Οὐαλερίου will result in attestations where it is part of the name Λουκίου Οὐαλερίου Ἀμμωνίου (TM REF 36572), for example, as well as Οὐαλερίου Τιτανιανοῦ (TM Ref 127438).
CAUTION: if a person bearing a Roman name is referred to by his (prae)nomen only, this name has been entered under 'name' for database-technical reasons. Searching for Οὐαλερίου as '(prae)nomen' will therefore not bring up those attestations where it is used on its own. If you are interested in those cases, please tick the 'name' box instead.

Take me back to the search help introduction

Here you can search for a particular formula used to connect two names of a double name, or which indicates a name change. The search is strict, meaning that a search for a single formula will not include compounds combining two formulas. Searching for ὁ/ἡ καὶ, for example, will not call up examples of ὁ/ἡ καὶ ἐπικεκλημένος/η. Such compound formulas are listed separately in the below. You can also search for attestations where the two names are simply juxtaposed (i.e. no connecting formula is used) with the term 'zeromorph'. For more information about double names and the different types of formulae, please see S. Coussement, 'Because I am Greek': Polyonomy as an Expression of Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt (Studia Hellenistica 55), 2016 (for teh Ptolemaic period) and Y. Broux, Double Names and Elite Strategy in Roman Egypt (Studia Hellenistica 54), 2015 (for the Roman period).

Please click on a formula:

ḏd n=f/s

ḏd.tw n=f/s

ḏd.tw n=f rn

ḏd.w n=f/s

ḏdy.t n=f/s

mpr-šn

mtw=w ḏd n=f/s

nty iw=w ḏd n=f/s

rn nfr

rn=f nty ỉw=w ḏd n=f/s

rn=f ʿȝ

zeromorph

qui/quae et

ὃς καλεῖται

ἣ καὶ καλεῖται

ὃς καὶ

ἢ καὶ nom (= female equivalent of ὃς καὶ, but only for the nominative)

ὁ/ἡ καὶ

ὃς

ὁ

καὶ

ἐπικαλουμενος/-η

ἐπικεκλημενος/-η

ἐπιλεγομενος/-η

ἐπικελιμενος/-η

ἐπικλὴν

ἐπίκλησις δὲ ὴν

καλουμενος/-η

λεγομενος/-η

κεκλημενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ καὶ ἐπικαλουμενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ καὶ ἐπικεκλημενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ καὶ καλουμενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ καὶ λεγομενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ ἐπικαλουμενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ καλουμενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ λεγομενος/-η

ὁ/ἡ επίκλην

τινι ὀνόματι καλεῖται (= 'with whatever (other) name (s)he is called)'

αἱς καὶ Αἰγύπτια ὀνόματά ἐστιν

ἀντὶ τοῦ/τῆς

διὰ προσαγγέλματος

ἐν ἀνθρώποις καλέομαι γὰρ καὶ

ἐπὶ δὲ τινῶν

ἤτοι

ἴδ' ... οὔνομά μ' ἄμφω

μετονομασθεῖσα

ὁ διὰ λόγων

ὃς ἦν

῾Ρωμαίων πολιτεία (= name change after grant of Roman citizenship)

πρὸ μὲν τῆς θεῖας δωρεᾶς καλούμενος

προσωνομασμένος

προχρηματίζων

χρηματιζειν

ὡς δ᾽ ἐν τῶι στρατιωτικῶι

ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲣⲟϥ ϫⲉ-

ⲧⲁⲓ ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ ⲉⲣⲟⲥ ϩⲱⲥ ⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ ϫⲉ

Take me back to the search help introduction

Here you can specify the gender of the individual(s) bearing the name. This differs from the gender of the name itself (for which there is a separate search field further down), as names can be unisex.

Please click on a gender:

man

woman

unknown

Take me back to the search help introduction

Genealogical identifiers are often added to a person's name to facilitate identification. In TM, we call this string of names the 'identification cluster'. These patronymics, metronymics, etc. are marked as such in TM, and you can thus limit your search to a particular 'cluster role'. For example, if you want all attestations of the name Pates but only in the position of a patronymic, enter 'father' here. Below is a list of all the cluster roles defined in TM Ref. Note that we distinguish between the paternal and maternal line: the roles of maternal ancestors are preceded with an 'm', so 'mgrandfather' looks for names that are attested as maternal papponymics, i.e. the mother's father.

If a name is part of a toponym (e.g. kleroi named after their (original) owner), you can enter 'part of a toponym' here. The same goes for 'army unit' (as in τούρμης Ἀτιλλιανοῦ, for example), although these have not been tagged systematically yet.

Please click on an identification cluster role:

person

father

mother

grandfather = paternal grandfather

mgrandfather = maternal grandfather

grandmother = paternal grandmother

mgrandmother = maternal grandmother

greatgrandfather = paternal great-grandfather

mgreatgrandfather = maternal great-grandfather

greatgrandmother = paternal great-grandmother

mgreatgrandmother = maternal great-grandmother

greatgreatgrandfather = paternal great-great-grandfather

mgreatgreatgrandfather = maternal great-great-grandfather

greatgreatgrandmother = paternal great-great-grandmother

mgreatgreatgrandmother = maternal great-great-grandmother

part of a toponym

army unit

Take me back to the search help introduction

Here you can look for attestations in a particular case. Names in Egyptian scripts are never declined and are therefore marked as 'invariable'.

Please click on a case:

nom = nominative case (singular)

nom_pl = nominative case (plural)

%nom% = nominative case (all)

gen = genitive case (singular)

gen_pl = genitive case (plural)

%gen% = genitive case (all)

dat = dative case (singular)

dat_pl = dative case (plural)

%dat% = dative case (all)

acc = accusative case (singular)

acc_pl = accusative case (plural)

%acc% = accusative case (all)

abl = ablative case (singular)

abl_pl = ablative case (plural)

%abl% = ablative case (all)

voc = vocative case

inv = invariable

Take me back to the search help introduction

We have attestations of names in the languages listed below. If you have filled in (a) name(s) in '(Prae)nomen', 'Name', 'Double', or 'Triple', it is not necessary to specify the language / script here, since you have already used it in your search string.

Please click on a language / script:

Abnormal Hieratic

Coptic

Demotic

Demotic (in Greek script)

Greek

Greek (in Latin script)

Hebrew

Hieratic

Hieroglyphic

Latin

Latin (in Greek script)

For Egyptian scripts (hieroglyphic, hieratic, and Demotic), we have standardized transliterations; for Latin, Greek, and Coptic we have actual transcriptions in the correct alphabet. For other languages we only have (sometimes non-standard) transliterations.

Take me back to the search help introduction

You can search for a name by typing in a transliterated form, e.g. Sarapion or Marres. You can also try the original in Greek or Latin (nominative only!), or a Demotic or Coptic form.

ALWAYS type in complete words here, as if you were searching in Google.

Take me back to the search help introduction

Please select a name compound from the list below by clicking on it (wildcards are added automatically). The first list gives the most common compounds (attested in 20 or more names), where abstraction is made of other elements of the name (e.g. in this list -δωρος also includes those labelled more specifically as 'DN-δωρος', 'PN-δωρος', etc). The second list is an exhaustive overview of all possible categories in TM Nam.

Legend:
AN = animal
DN = divine name
GN = geographical name
PN = personal name
RN = royal name

Most common compounds (click to select):

All compound types (click to select):

Take me back to the search help introduction

This field allows you to limit your search to names that contain a particular element. At the moment, this option is limited to a) gods, b) animals, and c) some elements that may be religiously inspired (e.g. 'two brothers'). Please select an element from the list below by clicking on it (wildcards are added automatically).

Gods (click to select):

Animals (click to select):

Other (click to select):

Take me back to the search help introduction

Here you can specify the gender of the the name. This differs from the gender of people, as names can be unisex.

Please click on a gender:

male

female

unisex

unknown

Take me back to the search help introduction

E.g. BGU, P. Dryton, SB, I. Fayoum, ... Click here for a complete alphabetical list of abbreviations.

While we try to provide as many editions of the text as we can, the depth of Trismegistos' information varies quite a lot according to the genre of text and its language. For Greek and Latin inscriptions and papyri, we try to cover all editions used to identify the texts. For Demotic our coverage is also almost exhaustive, but for other languages we sometimes suffice with a link to a more specialized website.

Please do not look for a specific text here, but use the TM Texts interface for that. This will bring you to the detail page of a text where the toponyms are mentioned.

If you have doubts about abbreviation or title, you can try to the surname of the editor in the editor search field. The name of the editor is known to TM in about 95% of all editions.

As a last resort, you can go through the (non-exhaustive!) TM Bibliography which in some cases has links to texts published in that reference.

Take me back to the search help introduction

The name of the editor of the text. We use surname followed by a comma and first name, but other combinations may also work.

Editors in Trismegistos:

If editors are at the core of your interest, visit TM Editors.

Take me back to the search help introduction

The year of an edition. A search for 1972 will find all texts edited in 1972, although very likely this will not be their only edition. Ranges are also possible, e.g. 1914-1918 for texts edited in the WWI. If you are searching for editions from a specific year or range (rather than for texts), your better option is here.

Keep in mind that we have most papyrological editions and those dealing with Demotic, but only a selection of most other categories.

Take me back to the search help introduction

The place where the text is (or has been) preserved. We normally use the English name of the city followed by a comma and the local name of the collection. You may also just use the placename, e.g. Paris. Please do not look for a specific text here, but use the TM Texts interface for that. This will bring you to the detail page of a text where the toponyms are mentioned.

Below is a list of our collections:

If collections are at the core of your interest, visit TM Collections.

Take me back to the search help introduction

The material on which the text is written (limestone, papyrus, wood, ...) or the shape of the object on which the texts is written (stele, ring, ostracon, ...). These two types of material can be combined in a single search, e.g. 'lead tablet'.

Below is a list of raw materials:

bone

bone (animal unclear, horn?)

bone (animal unclear, horn)

bone (antler)

bone (boar)

bone (camel)

bone (cow)

bone (deer, horn)

bone (fallow deer, horn)

bone (goat?)

bone (human, rib)

bone / metal (gold)

bone or metal (bronze)

bone?

clay

clay (argil)

clay (mud)

clay (mudbrick)

clay?

cloth

cloth (cotton)

cloth (linen, embroidered)

cloth (linen)

cloth? (linen)

faience

faience / metal (bronze)

faience / metal (gold)

faience / stone (calcite)

faience / stone (limestone)

faience / stone (steatite?)

faience / stone (steatite)

faience?

glass

glass (frit)

glass (paste)

glass (red)

glass / metal (gold)

glass / metal (lead)

glass?

ivory

ivory / bone

ivory?

metal

metal (brass)

metal (bronze or copper)

metal (bronze?)

metal (bronze)

metal (copper oxide)

metal (copper)

metal (electrum)

metal (gold or silver)

metal (gold, leaf)

metal (gold)

metal (iron)

metal (lead?)

metal (lead)

metal (messing)

metal (ore)

metal (pewter)

metal (silver?)

metal (silver)

metal (tin)

metal (zinc)

metal / stone (limestone)

metal?

metal? (orichalcum)

paper

paper (rag paper)

paper?

papyrus

papyrus (double thickness)

papyrus / paper (repair)

papyrus / parchment

papyrus?

parchment

parchment (from book binding)

parchment (gold letters)

parchment (leather, calf)

parchment (leather, crocodile)

parchment (leather, sheep)

parchment (leather?)

parchment (leather)

parchment (partly purpureus)

parchment (purpureus aureus)

parchment (purpureus)

parchment / paper (some pages)

parchment?

plaster

plaster (cartonnage)

plaster (gypsum)

plaster (painted)

plaster (stucco)

plaster (tectorium)

plaster / clay / cloth (linen)

plaster / stone (limestone)

plaster?

plaster? (cartonnage)

plaster? (tectorium)

pottery

pottery (black figure)

pottery (black slip)

pottery (bucchero, black)

pottery (bucchero)

pottery (ceramic)

pottery (coarse ware)

pottery (red slip)

pottery (red-figure)

pottery (terra sigillata)

pottery (terracotta)

pottery (white slip)

pottery or stone

pottery or stone (limestone)

pottery?

pottery? or stone (limestone?)

stone

stone (agate?)

stone (agate)

stone (alabaster)

stone (albite)

stone (amber)

stone (amethyst)

stone (amphibolite)

stone (andesite)

stone (aplite)

stone (arkose)

stone (asfalt)

stone (banded-agate)

stone (basalt or diorite)

stone (basalt, green)

stone (basalt?)

stone (basalt)

stone (basanite)

stone (besimaudite)

stone (black)

stone (bloodstone)

stone (breccia, green)

stone (breccia, grey)

stone (breccia?)

stone (breccia)

stone (brick)

stone (bucchero)

stone (calcite)

stone (carnelian)

stone (carneole)

stone (carniole)

stone (cement, opus arenatum)

stone (chalcedony, green)

stone (chalcedony)

stone (chalk)

stone (chrysoprase?)

stone (chrysoprase)

stone (clay-slate)

stone (conglomerate)

stone (coral)

stone (cornelian)

stone (crystal)

stone (diabase)

stone (diorite or siliceous stone)

stone (diorite, black)

stone (diorite)

stone (dolerite)

stone (dolomite)

stone (feldspar)

stone (flint)

stone (gabbro)

stone (gem)

stone (gneiss, serizzo)

stone (gneiss)

stone (granite, Baveno)

stone (granite, black)

stone (granite, dark)

stone (granite, grey)

stone (granite, pink)

stone (granite, red)

stone (granite, white)

stone (granite?)

stone (granite)

stone (granitoid)

stone (granodiorite or diorite)

stone (granodiorite)

stone (greywacke or schist)

stone (greywacke)

stone (grit)

stone (gritstone)

stone (gypsum)

stone (haematite)

stone (hard green stone)

stone (hard white stone)

stone (hard yellow-orange stone)

stone (heliotrope)

stone (hematite)

stone (jasper)

stone (jaspis)

stone (jet)

stone (kurkar)

stone (lapis albanus)

stone (lapis lazuli)

stone (lava)

stone (leucitite)

stone (lime clay)

stone (limestone or chalk)

stone (limestone or gypsum plaster?)

stone (limestone, hard crystalline)

stone (limestone, Istrian stone)

stone (limestone, Muschelkalk)

stone (limestone?)

stone (limestone)

stone (Lybian stone)

stone (macco?)

stone (macco)

stone (magmatic)

stone (magnetite)

stone (marble or mosaic)

stone (marble, African)

stone (marble, Angera)

stone (marble, bardiglio)

stone (marble, black)

stone (marble, blue)

stone (marble, Candoglia)

stone (marble, Carrara)

stone (marble, Castracane)

stone (marble, Chium)

stone (marble, Cipollino)

stone (marble, Grechetto)

stone (marble, Greek)

stone (marble, green)

stone (marble, grey, bardiglio)

stone (marble, grey)

stone (marble, Hymettian)

stone (marble, Italian)

stone (marble, Luni)

stone (marble, Marmara)

stone (marble, Musso)

stone (marble, Naxos)

stone (marble, Numidian)

stone (marble, oriental)

stone (marble, palombino)

stone (marble, Parian?)

stone (marble, Pavonazzo)

stone (marble, Pentelican)

stone (marble, pink)

stone (marble, porta santa)

stone (marble, Proconnesian)

stone (marble, red)

stone (marble, shell)

stone (marble, Thasos)

stone (marble, Veronese, red)

stone (marble, versicolour)

stone (marble, white, Luni)

stone (marble, white)

stone (marble, yellow)

stone (marble?)

stone (marble)

stone (marl)

stone (mica)

stone (millstone grit)

stone (molasse)

stone (mosaic?)

stone (mosaic)

stone (mudstone)

stone (nepheline)

stone (nicolo)

stone (obsidian)

stone (onyx)

stone (oolite)

stone (opale)

stone (pebble)

stone (peperino)

stone (plasma)

stone (plaster)

stone (poros)

stone (porphyric marble)

stone (porphyric tuff)

stone (porphyric)

stone (porphyry, red)

stone (porphyry)

stone (prase)

stone (pyrite)

stone (pyroclastic rock)

stone (quarry-stone)

stone (quartz)

stone (quartzite)

stone (rock?)

stone (rock)

stone (sand mortar, arenatum?)

stone (sand mortar, arenatum)

stone (sandstone or quartzite)

stone (sandstone, arkose)

stone (sandstone, gritstone)

stone (sandstone, pietra serena)

stone (sandstone, red)

stone (sandstone, yellow)

stone (sandstone?, red)

stone (sandstone?)

stone (sandstone)

stone (sard)

stone (sardius)

stone (sardonyx)

stone (schist)

stone (semiprecious)

stone (serpentine, green)

stone (serpentine)

stone (serpentinite)

stone (shale)

stone (shell, egg)

stone (shell)

stone (shinstone)

stone (silex)

stone (siltstone)

stone (slate or schist)

stone (slate, black)

stone (slate, green)

stone (slate?)

stone (slate)

stone (soapstone)

stone (soft-stone)

stone (steatite or serpentine)

stone (steatite)

stone (sulphur)

stone (syenite)

stone (tafl)

stone (tesserae)

stone (Tiburtinus)

stone (tonalite)

stone (trachyte)

stone (travertine?)

stone (travertine)

stone (tuff, Alban stone)

stone (tuff, Gabine stone)

stone (tuff, nenfro)

stone (tuff, peperino)

stone (tuff?, Alban stone)

stone (tuff?, nenfro)

stone (tuff?)

stone (tuff)

stone (vicentine)

stone (volcanic, 'domite')

stone (volcanic?)

stone (volcanic)

stone / plaster

stone / wood

stone?

stone? (marble)

wood

wood (acacia bark)

wood (acacia)

wood (bamboo)

wood (bark)

wood (birch)

wood (cedar)

wood (fig)

wood (glass)

wood (larch)

wood (oak)

wood (olive)

wood (painted white)

wood (palm branch or papyrus bark)

wood (palm branch)

wood (palm leaf)

wood (plant remains)

wood (reed)

wood (silicified)

wood (silver fir)

wood (sycamore)

wood (sycomore)

wood (tamarisk)

wood (whitewashed)

wood (yew)

wood / cartonnage

wood / plaster

wood / plaster (stucco)

wood?

For an overview of the main categories with charts, visit TM Material.

It is also possible to search for the type of object on which a text is written. This information is far from standardized, as the list list below with all current entries shows:

The information is occasionally still in the original language of the database which we cooperated with to get the information.

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The language in which a text was written. For Egyptian the names of the various scripts are used: hieroglyphic, hieratic, Demotic, Coptic. Dialects of Coptic are normally also specified.

You can also search for "bilingual" texts in general, or just search for a combination of two languages, e.g. "Demotic Greek". The standard boolean operator is 'AND', but you can add ' OR ' (in capitals)

A list of attested languages and combinations:

For an overview of languages in TM, visit TM Languages.

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The place where a text was found or written. You can use modern countries, ancient regions and provinces (see lists below), or names of ancient or modern cities (no list available because too numerous, but we should have plenty of variants for each toponym).

It is currently not possible to distinguish place of writing from find place in searches.

Egyptian nomes (and regions outside the nome system; roughly 3rd cent. BC):

If you search for the name of the nome only, e.g. 'Oxyrhynchites', you will only find results that are attributed to the nome in general (i.e. a more precise location is not known). If you want to find all attestations within the nome, including those attributed to particular villages, please select the full description in the box below.

Alexandria

Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum)

Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Herakleides

Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Themistos

Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), meris of Polemon

Egypt, Arsinoite nome (Fayum), city area of Arsinoe

Eastern desert

Lower Egypt (L)

1st Lower Egyptian nome, Memphites (Memphis)

2nd Lower Egyptian nome, Letopolites (Ausim)

3rd Lower Egyptian nome, Gynaikopolites (Kom el-Hisn, Damanhur)

4th Lower Egyptian nome, Prosopites

5th Lower Egyptian nome, Saites (Sa el-Hagar)

6th Lower Egyptian nome, Xoites (Sakha)

7th Lower Egyptian nome, Menelaites

8th Lower Egyptian nome, Heroopolites (Tell el-Maskhuta)

9th Lower Egyptian nome, Bousirites (Abusir)

10th Lower Egyptian nome, Athribites (Tell Athrib)

11th Lower Egyptian nome, Leontopolites (Tell el-Muqdam)

12th Lower Egyptian nome, Sebennytes (Samanud)

13th Lower Egyptian nome, Heliopolites (Tell Hisn)

14th Lower Egyptian nome, Sethroites

16th Lower Egyptian nome, Mendesios (Tell el-Rub'a)

18th Lower Egyptian nome, Boubastites (Tell Basta)

19th Lower Egyptian nome, Tanites (San el-Hagar)

20th Lower Egyptian nome, Arabia (Faqus)

21st Lower Egyptian nome, Phthemphouth

Northern Sinai

Sinai

Upper Egypt (U)

1st Upper Egyptian nome (Elephantine, Kom Ombo)

2nd Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Edfu)

3rd Upper Egyptian nome, Latopolites (Esna, Kom el-Ahmar)

4th Upper Egyptian nome, Pathyrites (Gebelein)

4th Upper Egyptian nome, Peri Thebas (Theban area)

5th Upper Egyptian nome, Koptites (Qift)

6th Upper Egyptian nome, Tentyrites (Dendera)

7th Upper Egyptian nome, Diospolites Mikros (Hou)

8th Upper Egyptian nome, Thinites (Abydos, Girga)

9th Upper Egyptian nome, Panopolites (Akhmim)

10th Upper Egyptian nome, Antaiopolites (Qaw el-Kebir)

10th Upper Egyptian nome, Apollonopolites (Kom Isfaht)

12th Upper Egyptian nome (El-Atawla)

13th Upper Egyptian nome, Lykopolites (Assiut)

15th Upper Egyptian nome, Hermopolites (El-Ashmunein)

17th Upper Egyptian nome, Kynopolites (El-Qeis)

19th Upper Egyptian nome, Oxyrynchites (El-Bahnasa)

20th Upper Egyptian nome, Herakleopolites (Inhnasya el-Medina)

22nd Upper Egyptian nome, Aphroditopolites (Atfih)

Western coast

Western desert

Western desert, Ammoniake

Western desert, Oasis Magna

Western desert, Oasis Parva

Roman regiones and provinciae (2nd century AD):

the regio Roma

Latium et Campania (Regio I)

Apulia et Calabria (Regio II)

Bruttium et Lucania (Regio III)

Samnium (Regio IV)

Picenum (Regio V)

Umbria (Regio VI)

Etruria (Regio VII)

Aemilia (Regio VIII)

Liguria (Regio IX)

Venetia et Histria (Regio X)

Transpadana (Regio XI)

* * *

the provincia Achaia

the provincia Aegyptus

the provincia Africa Proconsularis

the provincia Alpes Cottiae

the provincia Alpes Graiae

the provincia Alpes Maritimae

the provincia Alpes Poeninae

the provincia Aquitania

the provincia Arabia

the provincia Armenia

the provincia Asia

the provincia Baetica

the provincia Belgica

the provincia Bithynia et Pontus

the provincia Britannia

the provincia Cappadocia

the provincia Cilicia

the provincia Corsica

the provincia Creta

the provincia Cyprus

the provincia Cyrenaica

the provincia Dacia

the provincia Dalmatia

the provincia Epirus

the provincia Galatia

the provincia Germania Inferior

the provincia Germania Superior

the provincia Hispania Citerior

the provincia Iudaea

the provincia Lugdunensis

the provincia Lusitania

the provincia Lycia et Pamphylia

the provincia Macedonia

the provincia Mauretania Caesariensis

the provincia Mauretania Tingitana

the provincia Mesopotamia

the provincia Moesia Inferior

the provincia Moesia Superior

the provincia Narbonensis

the provincia Noricum

the provincia Numidia

the provincia Pannonia Inferior

the provincia Pannonia Superior

the provincia Raetia

the provincia Sardinia

the provincia Sicilia, Melita

the provincia Syria

the provincia Thracia

Ancient regions (3rd century BC):

the region Acarnania

the region Achaia

the region Achaia Phthiotis

the region Aemilia

the region Aeolis

the region Aethiopia

the region Aetolia

the region Africa

the region Ainis

the region Albania

the region Apulia

the region Arabia

the region Arachosia

the region Arcadia

the region Argolis

the region Armenia

the region Attica

the region Bactria

the region Bithynia

the region Boeotia

the region Bosporus Cimmerius

the region Britannia

the region Bruttium

the region Calabria

the region Campania

the region Cappadocia

the region Caria

the region Cataonia

the region Caucasus

the region Cilicia

the region Corsica

the region Creta

the region Cyclades

the region Cyrenaica

the region Dacia

the region Elam

the region Elis

the region Epirus

the region Etruria

the region Euboea

the region Galatia

the region Gallia

the region Gedrosia

the region Germania

the region Hibernia

the region Hispania

the region Histria

the region Hyrcania

the region Iberia

the region Illyricum

the region India

the region Ionia

the region Isauria

the region Isthmos

the region Italia

the region Kolchis

the region Kommagene

the region Laconia

the region Latium

the region Lemnos

the region Lesbos

the region Liguria

the region Locris

the region Lucania

the region Lycaonia

the region Lycia

the region Lydia

the region Macedonia

the region Malis

the region Malta

the region Margiana

the region Marmarica

the region Mauretania

the region Media

the region Mesopotamia

the region Messenia

the region Moesia

the region Mysia

the region Noricum

the region Numidia

the region Paeonia

the region Palestina

the region Pamphylia

the region Pannonia

the region Paphlagonia

the region Parthia

the region Persis

the region Phocis

the region Phoenicia

the region Phrygia

the region Picenum

the region Pisidia

the region Pontus

the region Raetia

the region Rhodos

the region Samnium

the region Sardinia

the region Sarmatia

the region Scythia

the region Sicilia

the region Sogdiana

the region Sporades

the region Syria

the region Thasos

the region Thessalia

the region Thracia

the region Transpadana

the region Troas

the region Umbria

the region Venetia

Modern countries:

the country Afghanistan

the country Albania

the country Algeria

the country Armenia

the country Austria

the country Azerbaijan

the country Bahrain

the country Belgium

the country Bosnia and Herzegovina

the country Bulgaria

the country China

the country Congo

the country Croatia

the country Cyprus

the country Czech Republic

the country Denmark

the country Djibouti

the country Egypt

the country Eritrea

the country Ethiopia

the country France

the country Georgia

the country Germany

the country Greece

the country Hungary

the country Iceland

the country India

the country Iran

the country Iraq

the country Ireland

the country Israel

the country Italy

the country Jordan

the country Kenya

the country Kuwait

the country Kyrgyzstan

the country Lebanon

the country Libya

the country Liechtenstein

the country Luxemburg

the country Malta

the country Moldova

the country Monaco

the country Montenegro

the country Morocco

the country Mozambique

the country Nepal

the country Netherlands

the country Norway

the country Oman

the country Pakistan

the country Poland

the country Portugal

the country Qatar

the country Republic of Macedonia

the country Romania

the country Russia

the country Saudi Arabia

the country Serbia

the country Slovakia

the country Slovenia

the country Somalia

the country South Sudan

the country Spain

the country Sudan

the country Sweden

the country Switzerland

the country Syria

the country Tajikistan

the country Tanzania

the country Tunisia

the country Turkey

the country Turkmenistan

the country Ukraine

the country United Arab Emirates

the country United Kingdom

the country United Kingdom (Guernsey)

the country United Kingdom (Island of Man)

the country United Kingdom (Jersey)

the country Uzbekistan

the country Vatican

the country Yemen

If your interest is in toponymy and places, please visit TM Places.

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In principle any dated expression, but in the LDAB most texts are only dated by century. You can use '1st century BC', 'early third century AD', the former LDAB standard 'AD04 - AD05', or even 'Ptolemaic period'. Do NOT try to convert centuries to their numeric equivalents yourself, e.g. by using anything like 101-126 for early second century or 1-100 for the first century. When a more precise date is known, you can enter it as '100 - 110 AD'. Other possibilities include 'reign of Augustus', 'early Ptolemaic', 'VI AD' (for the sixth century), 'Dyn. 26', '55 - 10 BC', ...'

A list with working examples:

CE 155 Mesore 2

Mesore 2 155 AD

2 Mesore 155 AD

Mesore 155 AD

BCE 155 Mesore

BC 155 2 Mesore

BC 15

15 CE

155

9 Nov 1 AD

9 Nov 1 => 1 November 9 AD

18/3/-167

22.03.167

12/15/782

9/11/99 => 9 November 99 AD

Claudius year 2

year 2 Trajan

year 12 of Tiberius

Caligula

Ptolemy V

2nd year of Augustus

regnal year 2 of Emperor Augustus

Augustus second year

year 2

2nd year

year 2 Mesore

Mesore year 2

Tubi of year 5

Mecheir, Mechir, Mekheir, ...

year 3 Tubi day 5

year 3, Tubi, day 5

year 12, day 30 of Mesore

ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5

ḥsb.t 2.t ibd-3 Ꜣḫ.t sw 5 Ptolemaic period

ỉbd 3 šmw ḥȝ.t-sp 7

II Shemou year 2

2nd century BC

2nd c. BC

Mesore Tiberius

January Tiberius

15 Jan Augustus

15 January Augustus

Mesore Pharaoh Amasis

Mesore 6th century CE

early 2nd century

beginning of the fifth century CE

late 3rd c. BC

end of the 2nd century BCE

mid 3rd c. BC

middle of the 3rd c. BC

Thoth in the third century B.C.

BC03

AD08

VI AD

VI century AD

year 2 3rd century AD

3rd century AD year 13

Tubi reign of Claudius

Tubi rule of Augustus

Tubi during the reign of Augustus

Claudius Tubi

Mesore 5 Ptolemaic period

year 2 in the Flavian dynasty

Dyn. 25 Mesore 4

Dyn. 25 Mesore

27th Dynasty 4 Mesore

Twenty-seventh Dynasty

25th Dynasty

early Ptolemaic year 4

early Ptolemaic

Roman year 5

Roman period 5 Mesore

early third cent. BC Mesore

January Ptolemaic period

Sunday January 4th century CE

era Diocletian year 67

67th year of the era of Diocletian

67th year era Diocletian

67th year era Diocletianus

Era of the Martyrs

anno Diocletiani 56

anno martyrum 56

Indiction 5

5th Ind.

year 5 of the indiction

Indictio 1

second year of the Indiction 6th century

2nd Indiction Leonid Dynasty

Created ranges: limited to ranges of modern or ancient years, NOT YET days, months, rulers, centuries, dynasties

BC 95 - 91

15 - 7 BC

CE 45 - 56

7 - 24 AD

15 to 10 BC

from 15 until 10 BC

15 till 10 BC

BC 95 - 91 Mesore

Mesore BC 95 - 91

BC 95 - 91 Mesore 2

Caligula year 3 to 4

Claudius year 2-5

year 5 to 10 of the reign of Claudius

year 2 to 3 of Caligula

Augustus year 1-10 Mesore

Mesore 2 reign of Augustus year 2 to 12

Do not yet work:

consular dates

early 26th Dyn.

year 12 to 13 Mesore 4: the range itself has to be specific, not with several possibilities

5th to 6th century

5th to 6th century AD Mesore

7th to 2nd century BC

Dynasty 25 - 27

25th to 27th Dynasty

If your interest is in chronology, please visit TM Time.

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For authors we use the Latin form as standard, but also Greek forms (Homeros) or English equivalents (Homer) should work. For their works we again use Latin titles, although occasionally a transliteration of the Greek is used. Below is a list of works attested in the LDAB (for other literary works see TM Authors), in the alphabetical order of their authors. Note that you can also search for the title only, e.g. Ilias. For searches for passages of authors, use the LDAB interface.

We are trying to implement English equivalents, but these will at this stage not always work. Abbreviations such as 'Aesch.' or 'Il.', however, should be well covered.

It is also possible to search for Bible books, independent of the language in which they are written, e.g. 'Marcus', or for biblical texts in general ('Bible').

Quotes are dealt with very selectively, and if the work is a commentary on another work it is not specifically referenced as such, e.g. an entry for Epicurus has not been added for an attestation of the commentary on that philosopher by Philodemus. If your interest is specifically in quotes, you can finetune your searches on the TM Authors detail page.

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The ancient collection of texts to which a papyrus or ostracon belongs, e.g. 'Zenon archive'.

TM has information about the following archives:

For an overview of archives in TM, visit TM Archives.

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This field was until recently marked with a ☠️️UNDER DEVELOPMENT. This is still true, and a search for the type of text is probably for experimentation purposes at best. The user should not expect results to be even remotely exhaustive, as the terminology is not standardized, not even within a single language and genre. The situation is probably best for Greek papyrology and for Demotic, but even there much work remains to be done.

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